Distinct populations suppress or escalate intake of cocaine paired with aversive quinine.

Background: Only a subset of individuals who encounter illicit drugs become persons with a substance use disorder. Individual differences in aversive reactions to drug-associated phenomena like smoke inhalation and unpleasant taste are predictors for continued use. While several preclinical studies have explored self-administration involving aversive cues, none have simultaneously introduced aversion with the initial drug self-administration.

Distinct populations suppress or escalate intake of cocaine paired with aversive quinine.

Background: Only a subset of individuals who encounter drugs of abuse become habitual users. Aversive subjective effects like coughing and unpleasant taste are predictors for continued use. While several preclinical studies have explored self-administration involving aversive cues, none have simultaneously introduced aversion with the initial drug self-administration.

Emergency Front-of-Neck Airway Rescue Via the Cricothyroid Membrane: A High-Resolution Computed Tomography Study of Airway Anatomy in Adults.

Background: Emergency front-of-neck airway rescue is recommended in a can't intubate, can't oxygenate clinical scenario. Cannula cricothyroidotomy has been reported as having a high failure rate. Our primary aim was to estimate the angle of the trachea in relation to the horizontal axis in a simulated emergency front-of-neck airway rescue position.

Using a theoretical approach to predict college students' non-medical use of prescription drugs - a survival analysis.

This study assesses students' non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) from college entrance to graduation, and examines factors that predict NMUPD. : The study was conducted between May 2011 and September 2015 with 338 students. Longitudinal cohort study design was used to examine NMUPD across time, and NMUPD-related attitudes and subjective norms.

A Model for Assessment of Catheterization Risk in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease.

The purpose of this study was to define the risk for adults with congenital heart disease who underwent cardiac catheterization and to propose a precatheterization risk scoring system. Data were prospectively collected using a multicenter registry of the Congenital Cardiovascular Interventional Study Consortium. The occurrence of serious adverse events (SAE) was correlated with 12 predefined variables.

Search for Neutrinoless Double-β Decay in ^{76}Ge with the Majorana Demonstrator.

The Majorana Collaboration is operating an array of high purity Ge detectors to search for neutrinoless double-β decay in ^{76}Ge. The Majorana Demonstrator comprises 44.1 kg of Ge detectors (29.

CRISP: Catheterization RISk score for Pediatrics: A Report from the Congenital Cardiac Interventional Study Consortium (CCISC).

Objectives: We sought to develop a scoring system that predicts the risk of serious adverse events (SAE's) for individual pediatric patients undergoing cardiac catheterization procedures.

Background: Systematic assessment of risk of SAE in pediatric catheterization can be challenging in view of a wide variation in procedure and patient complexity as well as rapidly evolving technology.

Methods: A 10 component scoring system was originally developed based on expert consensus and review of the existing literature.

A phylogenetic model for understanding the effect of gene duplication on cancer progression.

As biotechnology advances rapidly, a tremendous amount of cancer genetic data has become available, providing an unprecedented opportunity for understanding the genetic mechanisms of cancer. To understand the effects of duplications and deletions on cancer progression, two genomes (normal and tumor) were sequenced from each of five stomach cancer patients in different stages (I, II, III and IV). We developed a phylogenetic model for analyzing stomach cancer data.

An algorithm to detect adverse drug reactions in the neonatal intensive care unit.

Critically ill newborns in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are at greater risk of developing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Differentiation of ADRs from reactions associated with organ dysfunction/immaturity is difficult. Current ADR algorithm scoring was established arbitrarily without validation in infants.

Potentially inappropriate medication use and healthcare expenditures in the US community-dwelling elderly.

Background: Potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use is a major source of drug-related problems in the elderly. Few studies have quantified the effect of PIM use on total healthcare expenditures in the United States.

Objectives: : We sought to determine the relationship between PIM use and healthcare expenditure and to estimate the annual incremental healthcare expenditures related to PIM use in the community-dwelling elderly population in the United States in 2001.

Off-label use of antidepressant, anticonvulsant, and antipsychotic medications among Georgia medicaid enrollees in 2001.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of and factors associated with the off-label use of antidepressant, anticonvulsant, and antipsychotic medications.

Method: A retrospective analysis of Georgia Medicaid recipients was conducted. Recipients prescribed antidepressant, anticonvulsant, or antipsychotic medications were identified.

Nasopharyngeal oxygen in adult intensive care--lower flows and increased comfort.

Nasopharyngeal oxygen therapy, the delivery of supplementary oxygen into the nasopharynx via a fine catheter placed through the nose, is a simple technique used in postoperative anaesthetic care units and paediatric intensive care, but never described in the setting of adult intensive care. In a prospective crossover design, we compared nasopharyngeal oxygen therapy with semi-rigid plastic mask (Hudson Mask) in 50 unintubated adult patients receiving supplemental oxygen. We measured oxygen flow rate to achieve cutaneous saturations 93 to 96%, and patient comfort by visual analogue score.

Cost-effectiveness and lung cancer clinical trials.

Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the U.S., with an estimated annual economic burden of $5 billion.

A review of plasma exchange in sepsis.

Background: Severe sepsis involves a generalised inflammatory response, mediated by a number of cellular and humoral factors. Modulation of this response holds the promise of improved survival. Plasma exchange has been suggested as an adjunctive therapy in grave infective illnesses such as meningococcaemia, because it might remove harmful bacterial products and excessive endogenous inflammatory mediators.

A prospective, multicenter study of the epidemiology, management, and outcome of severe acute renal failure in a "closed" ICU system.

The safety and effectiveness of "closed" intensive care units (ICUs) are highly controversial. The epidemiology and outcome of acute renal failure (ARF) requiring replacement therapy (severe ARF) within a "closed" ICU system are unknown. Accordingly, we performed a prospective 3-mo multicenter observational study of all Nephrology Units and ICUs in the State of Victoria (all "closed" ICUs), Australia, and focused on the epidemiology, treatment, and outcome of patients with severe ARF.

The impact of race and fractures on mortality in a postmenopausal Medicaid population.

The purpose of this study was to model fractures and survival by age and race in a large postmenopausal Medicaid population. All Georgia Medicaid claims were abstracted for the years 1992, 1993, and 1994. Claims for postmenopausal women (> or =50 years of age) were retained, and patients with fractures were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes for fracture.

A controlled trial of low-molecular-weight heparin (dalteparin) versus unfractionated heparin as anticoagulant during continuous venovenous hemodialysis with filtration.

Objective: To compare the efficacy, safety, and cost of fixed-dose low-molecular-weight heparin (dalteparin) with adjusted-dose unfractionated heparin as anticoagulant for continuous hemofiltration.

Design: Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial.

Setting: University-affiliated adult intensive care unit

Patients: All patients requiring continuous hemofiltration for acute renal failure or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) were eligible.

Continuous plasmafiltration in sepsis syndrome. Plasmafiltration in Sepsis Study Group.

Objective: To assess the effect of plasmafiltration (PF) on biochemical markers of inflammation, cytokines, organ dysfunction, and 14-day mortality in human sepsis.

Design: Multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial.

Setting: Seven university-affiliated intensive care units.

Albumin priming does not prolong hemofilter life.

The hypothesis was tested that prepriming a hemofilter and lines with heparinized human albumin (NSA) instead of heparinized saline (NS) increases filter survival time. In a university affiliated intensive care unit, all patients were eligible who required continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration and who did not have pre-existing coagulopathy or contraindications to heparin. New hemofilters were randomized to priming with 2 liters NS or 1 liter NS followed by 500ml NSA.

Induced radioactivity of LDEF materials and structural components.

We present an overview of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) induced activation measurements. The LDEF, which was gravity-gradient stabilized, was exposed to the low Earth orbit (LEO) radiation environment over a 5.8 year period.

Haemodynamic effects of arteriovenous and venovenous haemofiltration in piglets.

The aim of this study was to compare the early haemodynamic effects of continuous arteriovenous haemofiltration (CAVH) with those of continuous venovenous haemofiltration (CVVH) in normal and endotoxic piglets, within the framework of a two-period cross-over trial. Sixteen domestic piglets (weight 6-18 kg) underwent 1 h of CAVH followed by 1 h of CVVH or 1 h of CVVH followed by 1 h of CAVH. Six were pre-treated with a graded endotoxin infusion to simulate clinical sepsis.

Blood filtration in children with severe sepsis: safe adjunctive therapy.

Objective: To review the safety and efficacy of haemofiltration and plasmafiltration in children with severe sepsis.

Design: Retrospective case notes analysis.

Setting: University Paediatric Intensive Care Unit.

A comparison of solute clearance during continuous hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration, and hemodialysis using a polysulfone hemofilter.

The clearance of urea, creatinine, amino acids, vancomycin, and phenytoin was measured in vivo in a small animal model during continuous venovenous (CVV) hemofiltration, CVV hemodiafiltration, and CVV hemodialysis using a 0.25 m2 polysulfone hemofilter. Six domestic piglets (weighing 6-11.