EF5 binding and clinical outcome in human soft tissue sarcomas.

Purpose: To study the 2-nitroimidazole agent EF5 as a surrogate for measuring hypoxia in a series of patients with soft tissue sarcomas, and to determine whether hypoxia measured with this technique was associated with patient outcome.

Methods And Materials: Patients with soft tissue sarcomas of the head and neck, extremity, trunk, or retroperitoneum for whom surgical excision was the initial treatment of choice, were given 21 mg/kg EF5 24-48 hours before surgery. Biopsy specimens were stained for EF5 binding with fluorescence-labeled monoclonal antibodies, and the images were analyzed quantitatively.

Clinical performance of 'no rub' multi-purpose solutions.

This was a multi-site, 231-subject double-masked, bilateral crossover study to evaluate subjective comfort and satisfaction, corneal staining and lens deposits with two 'no rub' multi-purpose solutions (MPS) used with FDA Group II (alphafilcon A, SofLens 66, Bausch & Lomb) and Group IV (etafilcon A, SUREVUE, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care) soft contact lenses. Subjects used each of the two MPS, Regimen 1 (OPTI-FREE EXPRESS Multi-Purpose Disinfecting Solution No Rub Lasting Comfort Formula, Alcon Laboratories) and Regimen 2 (ReNu MultiPlus Multi-Purpose Solution, Bausch & Lomb), for 28 days. They wore the same lens type for the duration of the study and were evaluated on days 0, 14 and 28 of each treatment period.

A comparison of two radiographic assessment protocols for patients with periodontal disease.

Objective: Radiographic assessment of patients with generalised severe periodontitis may be undertaken with a panoramic view and supplementary periapicals. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effective radiation dose from this form of radiographic assessment, and to compare it with an estimate of the dose from a series of periapicals of all the affected teeth.

Design: Cross-sectional observational study.

Hypoxia is important in the biology and aggression of human glial brain tumors.

We investigated whether increasing levels of tissue hypoxia, measured by the binding of EF5 [2-(2-nitro-1-H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) acetamide] or by Eppendorf needle electrodes, were associated with tumor aggressiveness in patients with previously untreated glial brain tumors. We hypothesized that more extensive and severe hypoxia would be present in tumor cells from patients bearing more clinically aggressive tumors. Hypoxia was measured with the 2-nitroimidazole imaging agent EF5 in 18 patients with supratentorial glial neoplasms.

Prevalence and outcomes of pharmaceutical industry-sponsored clinical trials involving clozapine, risperidone, or olanzapine.

Objective: The literature continues to highlight the debate on the ethics and merits of trials sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry. This study attempts to determine the prevalence and outcomes of industry-sponsored trials involving clozapine, risperidone, or olanzapine.

Methods: We searched the literature from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2001, to capture all eligible clinical trials involving clozapine, risperidone, or olanzapine.

Comparative measurements of hypoxia in human brain tumors using needle electrodes and EF5 binding.

Hypoxia is known to be an important prognostic marker in many human cancers. We report the use of two oxygen measurement techniques in human brain tumors and compare these data with semiquantitative histological end points. Oxygenation was measured using the Eppendorf needle electrode and/or EF5 binding in 28 brain tumors.

Cyclophosphamide treatment modifies tumor oxygenation and glycolytic rates of RIF-1 tumors: 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Eppendorf electrode, and redox scanning.

The effect of cyclophosphamide (Cp) on the glycolytic rate of radiation-induced fibrosarcomas (RIF-1) was measured in vivo in C3H mice by following the production of [3-(13)C]lactate after tail vein infusion of labeled [1-(13)C]glucose. Cp administered i.p.

Dynamic increases in dopamine during paced copulation in the female rat.

The role of dopamine in the rewarding aspects of sexual behaviour in female rats was investigated. This is a unique model because sexual behaviour is only rewarding when copulatory stimuli are experienced at the preferred rate of copulation for a female rat. In addition, increases in dopamine in the nucleus accumbens occur during sexual behaviour only when the female achieves this preferred rate of copulation.

Female rats develop conditioned place preferences for sex at their preferred interval.

Female rats engage in approach and avoidance behaviors directed toward the male to "pace" the rate of copulation. These pacing behaviors result in a pattern of vaginocervical stimulation that triggers a neuroendocrine reflex that is important for pregnancy to result from insemination. Each female rat has a preferred pacing interval, and females develop conditioned place preferences for paced sex versus nonpaced sex.

Traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula: pathophysiology and treatment.

Traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulae are rare yet potentially lethal vascular anomalies in the skull base seen after craniomaxillofacial trauma. This aberrant vascular communication has been extensively evaluated and classified, with a number of treatment modalities available to clinicians. The ultimate and definitive treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulae falls beyond the scope of craniomaxillofacial surgery.

Noninvasive imaging of tumor hypoxia in rats using the 2-nitroimidazole 18F-EF5.

Tumor hypoxia is an important prognostic indicator for cancer therapy outcome. EF5 [2-(2-nitro-1[ H]-imidazol-1-yl)- N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)-acetamide] has been employed to measure tumor hypoxia in animals and humans using immunohistochemical methods. EF5 is a lipophilic molecule designed to have a very uniform biodistribution, a feature of obvious benefit for use in PET imaging.

Radiosensitization of hypoxic tumor cells by dodecafluoropentane: a gas-phase perfluorochemical emulsion.

One method to make hypoxic, radioresistant cells more radiation sensitive has been to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of normal blood using liquid perfluorochemical emulsions combined with breathing high pO2 gases. We investigated the ability of dodecafluoropentane (DDFP) to sensitize the moderately radiation-resistant Morris 7777 hepatoma based on our previous inability to modify the radiation response of this tumor. DDFP is used in very small quantities compared with perfluorchemicals reported previously.

Effects of hyperglycemia on oxygenation, radiosensitivity and bioenergetic status of subcutaneous RIF-1 tumors.

Since tissue oxygen tension is a balance between delivery and consumption of oxygen, considerable effort has been directed at increasing the former and/or decreasing the latter. Techniques to decrease the rate of cellular oxygen consumption (increasing the distance oxygen can diffuse into tissues) include increasing glycolysis by administering supra-physiologic levels of glucose. We have examined the effect of hyperglycemia produced by intravenous glucose infusion on the tissue oxygenation and radiation response of subcutaneously implanted murine radiation induced fibrosarcomas (RIF-1).

Demographics and treatment options for orbital roof fractures.

Objective: The purpose of this article was to review the frequency, germane anatomy, management modalities, and complications associated with the treatment of orbital roof fractures in the pediatric and the adult population.

Study Design: A review of the past 30 years of the English-language maxillofacial surgical literature was undertaken. Important concepts were coupled with the authors' experience to provide a synopsis of contemporary thought on this topic.

Hypoxia is not the sole cause of lactate production during shock.

Background: Traditionally, elevated blood lactate after hemorrhage is interpreted as tissue hypoperfusion, hypoxia, and anaerobic glycolysis. The severity and duration of the increase in blood lactate correlate with death. Recent in vitro studies indicate that epinephrine stimulates lactate production in well-oxygenated skeletal muscle by increasing activity of the Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), which derives a significant amount of adenosine triphosphate from glycolysis.

Comparison of urine to sweat patch test results in court ordered testing.

A former cocaine and methamphetamine abuser was continuously monitored with both sweat patch and urine testing for approximately 6 months. Thirteen sweat patches were applied and collected, five were positive for cocaine and/or methamphetamine, but all the urine specimens collected were negative at the analytical cut-off levels. The high incidence of false positive sweat patch tests in relation to the sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of the sweat patch assay is discussed.

Drugs in postmortem adipose tissues: evidence of antemortem deposition.

Introduction: Drug concentration measured in postmortem adipose tissue may or may not reflect antemortem concentration. To examine the possibility of whether the presence of basic drugs in adipose tissue is the result of postmortem change, we examined: tissues with and without livor mortis, concentration gradients within the adipose layer, and the stability of drug concentrations during the postmortem period.

Case Reports: Five drug-related deaths with case histories and analytical data are presented.

The reasons for the extraction of various tooth types in Scotland: a 15-year follow up.

Objectives: The aim of this survey was to investigate the reasons for extraction of the various tooth types in Scotland. This study replicated one which was undertaken 15 years earlier. A further aim, therefore, was to identify any changes in the frequency of extraction of each tooth type in the 15 years between the two studies.

The reasons for extraction of permanent teeth in Scotland: a 15-year follow-up study.

Aims: Although Scotland has the highest proportion of edentulous adults in the UK, the frequency of edentulousness has fallen by 21% during the last 20 years. This study, carried out in 1999, was designed to establish whether the reasons for tooth loss have also changed since 1984 when they were last determined.

Methods: The Scottish Dental Practice Board provided the names of every fourth dentist on its list among which 425 general dental practitioners were identified.

The role of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and striatum during sexual behavior in the female rat.

Dopamine in dialysate from the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) increases during sexual and feeding behavior and after administration of drugs of abuse, even those that do not directly activate dopaminergic systems (e.g., morphine or nicotine).

Doppler ultrasound imaging detects changes in tumor perfusion during antivascular therapy associated with vascular anatomic alterations.

Noninvasive monitoring of antiangiogenic therapy was performed by serial power Doppler ultrasound imaging of murine tumors treated with recombinant interleukin 12, the results of which were correlated with assessments of tumor vascularity by microscopy. Growth of established K1735 tumors, but not of IFN-gamma-unresponsive K1735.N23 variants, was suppressed by treatment.