Comparison of lung area by chest radiograph, with estimation of lung volume by helium dilution during prone and supine positioning in mechanically ventilated preterm infants: a pilot study.

Measurement of lung volume may be useful in determining the degree of lung disease and for optimizing an infant's mechanical ventilator settings. A chest radiograph (CXR) is often used to estimate lung volume, because direct measurement, e.g.

Coincidence-detection FDG-PET versus gallium in children and young adults with newly diagnosed Hodgkin's disease.

Unlabelled: Coincidence-detection 18F-FDG-PET (PET) and 67Ga whole-body and SPECT (Ga) were compared in children and young adults with newly diagnosed Hodgkin's disease (HD).

Materials And Methods: Thirty patients with histologically confirmed HD underwent PET with attenuation correction 1 h after injection of 150-220 MBq 18F-FDG and whole-body and SPECT imaging 72 h after injection of 250-370 MBq 67Ga citrate. Two experienced readers retrospectively reviewed PET and Ga scans, grading 13 anatomic regions from one (normal) to five (abnormal).

18F-FDG PET versus CT for evaluating the spleen during initial staging of lymphoma.

Unlabelled: The purpose of this study was to compare (18)F-FDG PET to CT for evaluating the spleen during the initial staging of lymphoma.

Methods: Seven patients with newly diagnosed lymphoma underwent (18)F-FDG PET and CT. Splenic uptake of (18)F-FDG, diffuse or focal, greater than hepatic uptake was interpreted as consistent with tumor.

The role of gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for children with suspected acute pyelonephritis.

Purpose: The diagnosis of pyelonephritis is primarily clinical. However, the history and physical findings can be confusing in children, leading to adjunctive nuclear renal cortical scintigraphic studies (99mtechnetium dimercapto-succinic acid [DMSA]) to confirm the diagnosis. Nonetheless, ambiguity occurs when differentiating between acute pyelonephritis and chronic scarring.

Magnetic resonance imaging of the fetus in congenital intrathoracic disorders: preliminary observations.

Background And Objective: Advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide high-quality images of the intrathoracic organs. We studied the ability of MRI to define spatial relationships of the fetal lungs and measured lung volume in two cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), one of severe oligohydramnios secondary to bilateral cystic renal dysplasia and one case of prenatal chylothorax.

Patients And Methods: We performed pelvic MRI using single-shot fast spin echo (SSFSE) pulse sequence in four pregnant women referred because of abnormal prenatal ultrasound (US) findings associated with pulmonary hypoplasia.

Pediatric radiology at the millennium.

Purpose: To evaluate the current practice of and job market for pediatric radiologists in the United States and Canada with a 1998 survey and compare findings with those of surveys from 1980 and 1989.

Materials And Methods: Surveys were mailed to the 728 active members of the Society for Pediatric Radiology. Questions covered professional practice, subspecialization, and involvement in evolving technologies.

18F-FDG Uptake in the Anterior Mediastinum. Physiologic Thymic Uptake or Disease?

Purpose: We reviewed 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) studies to determine the frequency of thymic visualization, to characterize this uptake to facilitate differentiation from disease, and to ascertain effects of therapy on visualization.Methods: Hybrid positron emission tomography images performed on 14 patients with known or suspected malignancy before therapy, and on six of the patients after treatment, were reviewed. Mediastinal uptake was characterized by location, contour and intensity.

Acute appendicitis in children: comparison of clinical diagnosis with ultrasound and CT imaging.

Background: There is strong evidence that imaging with ultrasound and CT can be of substantial diagnostic value in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children, but there is limited information of the impact of imaging on the management of these patients and its possible effect on surgical findings.

Objective: We studied the impact of imaging in the management of acute appendicitis, in particular its effect on the rate of negative appendectomies and perforations.

Patients And Methods: We reviewed retrospectively the clinical records and imaging findings of 633 consecutive children and adolescents seen on an emergency basis with clinical suspicion of acute appendicitis.

Liver and spleen MRI findings in virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia.

Virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome is characterized by the phagocytosis of erthythrocytes and other blood elements in multiple organ systems, especially the liver and spleen. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can suggest this diagnosis in the proper clinical setting by demonstrating multiple, rounded signal voids in the spleen corresponding to hemosiderin deposition. We report a patient with virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome during the course of acute lymphocytic leukemia and MRI findings that suggested the preoperative diagnosis.

Magnetic resonance imaging in acute pyelonephritis.

The diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis in children remains a clinical challenge. We assessed the feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detection of pyelonephritis in four pediatric patients and compared the results with renal cortical scintigraphy. MRI revealed areas of high signal intensity in the kidney that coincided with photon-deficient regions in the radionuclide scans in two children with acute pyelonephritis.

The thymus: from past misconception to present recognition.

The critical role of the thymus in the development of the immune system was unknown until recently. For a long time physicians were puzzled by the presence of a large thymus in early life and attributed many symptoms to it. This review briefly covers the history of the thymus and its function as a primary lymphoid organ, along with a short background of the development of the immune system.

The value of head ultrasound in infants with macrocephaly.

Objective: To assess the value of head ultrasound (HUS) in neurologically normal infants with macrocephaly and to develop a rational approach to radiological investigation of macrocephalic infants.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective analysis of infants with macrocephaly (seen by one pediatric neurologist at this institution) was conducted. Infants with normal neurological examinations, no evidence of raised intracranial pressure and who had undergone a HUS were included.