Evaluating glaucoma in myopic eyes: Challenges and opportunities.

The increasing global prevalence of myopia presents a significant public health concern, and growing evidence has demonstrated that myopia is a major risk factor for the development of open-angle glaucoma. Therefore, timely detection and management of glaucoma in myopic patients are crucial; however, identifying the structural alterations of glaucoma in the optic nerve head (ONH) and retinal tissues of myopic eyes using standard diagnostic tools such as fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography (OCTA) presents challenges. Additionally, myopia-related perimetric defects can be confounded with glaucoma-related defects.

Axial elongation in nonpathologic high myopia: Ocular structural changes and glaucoma diagnostic challenges.

Axial elongation continues in highly myopic adult eyes, even in the absence of pathologic changes such as posterior staphyloma or chorioretinal atrophy. This ongoing axial elongation leads to structural changes in the macular and peripapillary regions, including chorioretinal thinning, reduced vascular perfusion and optic disc tilting and rotation, among others. These alterations can affect the acquisition and interpretation of optical coherence tomography, optical coherence tomography angiography and fundus photographs, potentially introducing artifacts and diminishing the accuracy of glaucoma diagnosis in highly myopic eyes.

Five-Year Incidence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Its Risk Factors in Adult Chinese Population: The Tongren Health Care Study.

Purpose: To examine the 5-year incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and its associated factors in an adult Chinese population.

Methods: The Tongren Health Care Study included individuals attending regular health care check-up examinations in the Beijing Tongren Hospital. Baseline examinations were performed from 2014 to 2015, with 5-year follow-up examinations conducted between 2019 and 2020.

Intraretinal Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: To examine intraretinally migrated retinal pigment epithelium cells (iRPECs) in enucleated human eyes with various retinal conditions and corresponding intraretinal hyperreflective bodies (iHRBs) in a large cohort of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in China.

Design: Population-based study and histomorphometric investigation.

Participants: Participants of the population-based Beijing Eye Study and enucleated human eyes.

Distortion-Corrected Posterior Ocular Shape in Myopic Eyes Assessed by Ultrawide OCT Detects Deformations Associated With Vision-Threatening Changes.

Purpose: To develop a quantitative tool for assessing the posterior ocular shape using widefield, volumetric optical coherence tomography (OCT) in eyes with myopia.

Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study included 178 eyes from 113 participants. Participants underwent a standardized eye examination, including ocular biometry and a custom ultrawide OCT.

Automated Posterior Scleral Topography Assessment for Enhanced Staphyloma Visualization and Quantification With Improved Maculopathy Correlation.

Purpose: To quantitatively characterize the posterior morphology of high myopia eyes with posterior staphyloma.

Methods: Surface points of the eyeball were automatically extracted from magnetic resonance imaging scans using deep learning. Subsequently, the topography of posterior staphylomas was constructed to facilitate accurate visualization and quantification of their location and severity.

Privacy-Preserving Technology Using Federated Learning and Blockchain in Protecting against Adversarial Attacks for Retinal Imaging.

Purpose: Collaboration provides valuable data for robust artificial intelligence (AI) model development. Federated learning (FL) is a privacy-enhancing technology that allows collaboration while respecting privacy via the development of models without raw data transfer. However state-of-the-art FL models still face challenges in non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) health care settings and remain susceptible to privacy breaches.

A Competition for the Diagnosis of Myopic Maculopathy by Artificial Intelligence Algorithms.

Importance: Myopic maculopathy (MM) is a major cause of vision impairment globally. Artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning (DL) algorithms for detecting MM from fundus images could potentially improve diagnosis and assist screening in a variety of health care settings.

Objectives: To evaluate DL algorithms for MM classification and segmentation and compare their performance with that of ophthalmologists.

Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and retinal pseudodrusen in an elderly population. The ural very old study.

Purpose: To assess the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) in very old individuals.

Methods: The population-based Ural Very Old Study consisted of 1526 (81.1%) out of 1882 eligible individuals aged 85 + years.

Retinal nerve fiber layer defects and chronic kidney disease: the Kailuan Eye Study.

Aim: To investigate whether retinal nerve fiber layer defects (RNFLDs) is a potential risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Chinese adults.

Methods: The Kailuan Eye Study was a population-based study that included 14 440 participants. All participants underwent detailed assessments, RNFLDs were diagnosed using color fundus photographs.

Posterior Eye Shape in Myopia.

Purpose: To explore prevalence and associated factors of abnormalities of the posterior eye shape in dependence of axial length.

Design: Population-based study.

Participants: Of the participants (n = 3468) of the Beijing Eye Study, we included all eyes with an axial length of ≥25 mm, and a randomized sample of eyes with an axial length of <25 mm.

Intraocular amphiregulin and axial elongation in non-human adolescent primates.

The purpose of the experimental interventional study was to examine the influence of intraocularly applied amphiregulin, a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, on axial length in young non-human primates. It included three non-human primates (Macaca mulatta), aged 4-6 years. The left eyes received three intravitreal injections of amphiregulin (400ng/50 μl) in intervals of 4 weeks, while the right eyes received three intravitreal injections of phosphate buffered solution (50 μl) at the same time points.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Cataract, Cataract Surgery and Postoperative Outcome in an Old Population in Russia: The Ural Very Old Study.

Purpose: To assess prevalence of cataract and cataract surgery in a very old population in Russia.

Design: Population-based study.

Participants: The Ural Very Old Study included 1526 (81.

Myopia and Other Refractive Error and Their Relationships to Glaucoma Screening.

Prcis: A large disk, a large parapapillary delta zone and a long axial length may be used as screening criteria to detect glaucomatous optic neuropathy in highly myopic eyes.

Purpose: To describe aspects for screening of glaucomatous optic neuropathy in dependence of refractive error, under special consideration of high myopia.

Methods/results: Studies on the anatomy of the myopic optic nerve head and results of investigations on the relationship between glaucomatous optic neuropathy and axial myopia were included.

Progression Patterns and Risk Factors of Axial Elongation in Young Adults With Nonpathologic High Myopia: Three-Year Large Longitudinal Cohort Follow-Up.

Purpose: To investigate the progression patterns and risk factors of axial elongation in young adults with nonpathologic high myopia.

Design: Prospective, clinical observational cohort study with 2- to 4-year follow-up.

Methods: A total of 1043 eyes of 563 participants (3515 medical records) aged 18 to 50 years with nonpathologic high myopia (axial length [AL] ≥ 26 mm; myopic maculopathy < diffuse chorioretinal atrophy; without posterior staphyloma) were included from 1546 participants (6318 medical records).

Myopic Macular Atrophy in the Two-Continent Population-Based Study.

Purpose: To examine the prevalence of Bruch's membrane defects (BMDs) and subretinal proliferations (SRPs) in highly myopic eyes with myopic macular atrophy (myopic macular degeneration [MMD] stage 4) and myopic patchy atrophies (MMD stage 3) in three ethnically different cohorts recruited in a population-based manner.

Methods: The Ural Eye and Medical Study (UEMS) and Beijing Eye Study (BES) included individuals aged 40+ years, and the Ural Very Old Study (UVOS) examined individuals aged 85+ years. Main outcome measures were the prevalence of BMDs and SRPs.

Lamina Cribrosa Configurations in Highly Myopic and Non-Highly Myopic Eyes: The Beijing Eye Study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine characteristics of lamina cribrosa (LC) configuration in highly myopic (HM) eyes.

Methods: Participants from the Beijing Eye Study 2011, free of optic nerve or retinal diseases, were randomly selected to examine LC depth (LCD) and LC tilt (LCT) using three-dimensional optical coherent tomography images of the optic nerve head (ONH). LCD and LCT were measured as the distance and angle between the LC plane with two reference planes, including the Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) plane and the peripapillary sclera (PPS) plane, respectively.

Rates of Choriocapillaris Microvascular Dropout and Macular Structural Changes in Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy With and Without Myopia.

Purpose: To evaluate the association between rates of juxtapapillary choriocapillaris microvasculature dropout (MvD) change and rates of ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) loss in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and glaucoma suspect eyes with and without myopia.

Design: Cohort study from clinical trial data.

Methods: 238 eyes from 155 POAG and glaucoma suspect patients were stratified into no-myopia (axial length (AL) ≤ 24 mm; n = 78 eyes), mild myopia (24 mm < AL ≤ 26 mm; n = 114 eyes), and high myopia (AL > 26 mm; n = 46 eyes).