Deep Learning Model for the Differential Diagnosis of Nasal Polyps and Inverted Papilloma by CT Images: A Multicenter Study.

Rationale And Objectives: Nasal polyps (NP) and inverted papilloma (IP) are benign tumors within the nasal cavity, each necessitating distinct treatment approaches. Herein, we investigate the utility of a deep learning (DL) model for distinguishing between NP and IP.

Materials And Methods: A total of 1791 patients with nasal benign tumors from two hospitals were retrospectively enrolled.

A PDA@ZIF-8-Incorporated PMIA TFN-FO Membrane for Seawater Desalination: Improving Water Flux and Anti-Fouling Performance.

Forward osmosis (FO) technology, known for its minimal energy requirements, excellent resistance to fouling, and significant commercial potential, shows enormous promise in the development of sustainable technologies, especially with regard to seawater desalination and wastewater. In this study, we improved the performance of the FO membrane in terms of its mechanical strength and hydrophilic properties. Generally, the water flux () of polyisophenylbenzamide (PMIA) thin-film composite (TFC)-FO membranes is still inadequate for industrial applications.

Bound-State Beta Decay of ^{205}Tl^{81+} Ions and the LOREX Project.

Stable ^{205}Tl ions have the lowest known energy threshold for capturing electron neutrinos (ν_{e}) of E_{ν_{e}}≥50.6  keV. The Lorandite Experiment (LOREX), proposed in the 1980s, aims at obtaining the longtime averaged solar neutrino flux by utilizing natural deposits of Tl-bearing lorandite ores.

Efficacy of CTLA-4 checkpoint therapy is dependent on IL-21 signaling to mediate cytotoxic reprogramming of PD-1CD8 T cells.

The mechanisms underlying the efficacy of anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) therapy are incompletely understood. Here, by immune profiling responding PD-1CD8 T (T) cell populations from patients with advanced melanoma, we identified differential programming of T cells in response to combination therapy, from an exhausted toward a more cytotoxic effector program. This effect does not occur with anti-PD-1 monotherapy.

Diagnosis of liver hemangioma using magnetic resonance diffusion-derived vessel density (DDVD) pixelwise map: a preliminary descriptive study.

Background: Liver hemangiomas (HGs) are characterized by cavernous venous spaces delineated by a lining of vascular endothelial cells and interspersed with connective tissue septa. Typically, a liver HG has higher apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and T2 values than those of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and liver metastases, and lower ADC and T2 values than those of liver simple cysts. However, a portion of HGs shows ADC and T2 overlapping with those of HCC, liver metastasis, and simple cyst.

SMART: Development and Application of a Multimodal Multi-organ Trauma Screening Model for Abdominal Injuries in Emergency Settings.

Rationale And Objectives: Effective trauma care in emergency departments necessitates rapid diagnosis by interdisciplinary teams using various medical data. This study constructed a multimodal diagnostic model for abdominal trauma using deep learning on non-contrast computed tomography (CT) and unstructured text data, enhancing the speed and accuracy of solid organ assessments.

Materials And Methods: Data were collected from patients undergoing abdominal CT scans.

NS2B-D55E and NS2B-E65D Variations Are Responsible for Differences in NS2B-NS3 Protease Activities Between Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype I and III in Fluorogenic Peptide Model.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) NS2B-NS3 is a protein complex composed of NS3 proteases and an NS2B co-factor. The N-terminal protease domain (180 residues) of NS3 (NS3(pro)) interacts directly with a central 40-amino acid hydrophilic domain of NS2B (NS2B(H)) to form an active serine protease. In this study, the recombinant NS2B(H)-NS3(pro) proteases were prepared in and used to compare the enzymatic activity between genotype I (GI) and III (GIII) NS2B-NS3 proteases.

Baroreflex Sensitivity and Long-Term Dementia Risk in Older Adults.

Background: Increased blood pressure (BP) variability is linked to dementia risk, but the relationship between baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), a fundamental mechanism for maintaining stable BP, and dementia risk is undetermined.

Methods: We tested the hypothesis that impaired BRS is associated with increased dementia risk in 1819 older adults (63% women; age, 71.0±6.

The dynamics of hematopoiesis over the human lifespan.

Over a lifetime, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) adjust their lineage output to support age-aligned physiology. In model organisms, stereotypic waves of hematopoiesis have been observed corresponding to defined age-biased HSC hallmarks. However, how the properties of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells change over the human lifespan remains unclear.

A penta-component mpox mRNA vaccine induces protective immunity in nonhuman primates.

The recent worldwide outbreaks of mpox prioritize the development of a safe and effective mRNA vaccine. The contemporary mpox virus (MPXV) exhibits changing virological and epidemiological features, notably affecting populations already vulnerable to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Herein, we profile the immunogenicity of AR-MPXV5, a penta-component mRNA vaccine targeting five specific proteins (M1R, E8L, A29L, A35R, and B6R) from the representative contemporary MPXV clade II strain, in both naive and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected nonhuman primates.

Endo-IP and lyso-IP toolkit for endolysosomal profiling of human-induced neurons.

Plasma membrane protein degradation and recycling are regulated by the endolysosomal system, wherein endocytic vesicles bud from the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm and mature into endosomes and then degradative lysosomes. As such, the endolysosomal system plays a critical role in determining the abundance of proteins on the cell surface and influencing cellular identity and function. Highly polarized cells, like neurons, rely on the endolysosomal system for axonal and dendritic specialization and synaptic compartmentalization.

Peli1 Deficiency in Macrophages Attenuates Pulmonary Hypertension by Enhancing Foxp1-Mediated Transcriptional Inhibition of IL-6.

Background: The infiltration of macrophages into the lungs is a common characteristic of perivascular inflammation, contributing to vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension (PH). Peli1 (pellino E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase 1) plays a critical role in regulating the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the polarization of macrophages in various diseases. However, the role of Peli1 in PH remains to be investigated.

Sodium oligomannate disrupts the adherence of Rib bacteria to gut epithelia to block SAA-triggered Th1 inflammation in 5XFAD transgenic mice.

Sodium oligomannate (GV-971), an oligosaccharide drug approved in China for treating mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), was previously found to recondition the gut microbiota and limit altered peripheral Th1 immunity in AD transgenic mice. As a follow-up study, we here made advances by pinpointing a Lactobacillus murinus (L.m.

Spectral CT-based nomogram for preoperative prediction of Lauren classification in locally advanced gastric cancer: a prospective study.

Objectives: To develop a nomogram based on clinical features and spectral quantitative parameters to preoperatively predict the Lauren classification for locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC).

Methods: Patients diagnosed with LAGC by postoperative pathology who underwent abdominal triple-phase enhanced spectral computed tomography (CT) were prospectively enrolled in this study between June 2023 and December 2023. All the patients were categorized into intestinal- and diffuse-type groups according to the Lauren classification.

Improving Prediction Accuracy of Residual Axillary Lymph Node Metastases in Node-Positive Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Radiomics Analysis of Ultrasound-Guided Clip Locations Using the SHAP Method.

Rationale And Objectives: To construct a radiomics nomogram derived from multiparametric ultrasound (US) imaging using the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method for the accurate identification of residual axillary lymph node metastases post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) among patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).

Methods: A total of 405 consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed TNBC between 2016 and 2023 were recruited in the study and were divided into training (n = 284) and validation cohorts (n = 121). Radiomics features capturing detailed tumor characteristics were extracted from pre-NAC gray-scale US images at the locations of US-guided clip placement.

Trem2/Tyrobp Signaling Protects Against Aortic Dissection and Rupture by Inhibiting Macrophage Activation in Mice.

Background: The development of aortic dissection (AD) is closely associated with inflammation. The Trem2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2)/Tyrobp (TYRO protein tyrosine kinase-binding protein) signaling pathway critically regulates innate immunity and has emerged as an important target in cardiovascular diseases; however, its role in AD remains unclear.

Methods: Transcriptome data from human and mouse ADs were used to perform differentially expressed gene-based protein-protein interaction network analyses.

Spatial structural abnormality maps associated with cognitive and physical performance in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Objectives: We aimed to characterize the brain abnormalities that are associated with the cognitive and physical performance of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) using a deep learning algorithm.

Materials And Methods: Three-dimensional (3D) nnU-Net was employed to calculate a novel spatial abnormality map by T1-weighted images and 281 RRMS patients (Dataset-1, male/female = 101/180, median age [range] = 35.0 [17.

Student Pharmacists' Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacy Education.

Objective: This study explored student pharmacists' perceptions and attitudes regarding artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in pharmacy practice. Due to AI/ML's promising prospects, understanding students' current awareness, comprehension, and hopes for their use in this field is essential.

Methods: In April 2024, a Zoom focus group discussion was conducted with 6 student pharmacists using a self-developed interview guide.