Beta and theta oscillations track effort and previous reward in human basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex during decision making.

Choosing whether to exert effort to obtain rewards is fundamental to human motivated behavior. However, the neural dynamics underlying the evaluation of reward and effort in humans is poorly understood. Here, we investigate this with chronic intracranial recordings from prefrontal cortex (PFC) and basal ganglia (BG; subthalamic nuclei and globus pallidus) in people with Parkinson's disease performing a decision-making task with offers that varied in levels of reward and physical effort required.

Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in isolated dystonia: A 3-year follow-up study.

Objective: To report long-term safety and efficacy outcomes of a large cohort of patients with medically refractory isolated dystonia treated with subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS).

Methods: Twenty patients (12 male, 8 female; mean age 49 ± 16.3 years) with medically refractory isolated dystonia were studied (14 were followed for 36 months).