Machine learning perioperative applications in visceral surgery: a narrative review.

Artificial intelligence in surgery has seen an expansive rise in research and clinical implementation in recent years, with many of the models being driven by machine learning. In the preoperative setting, machine learning models have been utilized to guide indications for surgery, appropriate timing of operations, calculation of risks and prognostication, along with improving estimations of time and resources required for surgeries. Intraoperative applications that have been demonstrated are visual annotations of the surgical field, automated classification of surgical phases and prediction of intraoperative patient decompensation.