Accuracy of Fully Automated and Human-assisted AI-based CT Quantification of Pleural Effusion Changes after Thoracentesis.

Quantifying pleural effusion change on chest CT is important for evaluating disease severity and treatment response. The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of artificial intelligence (AI)-based volume quantification of pleural effusion change on CT images, using the volume of drained fluid as the reference standard. Seventy-nine participants (mean age, 65 ± [SD] 13 years; 47 male) undergoing thoracentesis were prospectively enrolled from October 2021 to September 2023.

Controlled Synthesis of Perovskite Nanocrystals at Room Temperature by Liquid Crystalline Templates.

Perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) are promising active materials because of their outstanding optoelectronic properties, which are finely tunable via size and shape. However, previous synthetic methods such as hot-injection and ligand-assisted reprecipitation require a high synthesis temperature or provide limited access to homogeneous PNCs, leading to the present lack of commercial value and real-world applications of PNCs. Here, we report a room-temperature approach to synthesize PNCs within a liquid crystalline antisolvent, enabling access to PNCs with a precisely defined size and shape and with reduced surface defects.

Design of an equilibrative nucleoside transporter subtype 1 inhibitor for pain relief.

The current opioid crisis urgently calls for developing non-addictive pain medications. Progress has been slow, highlighting the need to uncover targets with unique mechanisms of action. Extracellular adenosine alleviates pain by activating the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R).

A conserved pilin from uncultured gut bacterial clade TANB77 enhances cancer immunotherapy.

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has become a standard anti-cancer treatment, offering durable clinical benefits. However, the limited response rate of ICB necessitates biomarkers to predict and modulate the efficacy of the therapy. The gut microbiome's influence on ICB efficacy is of particular interest due to its modifiability through various interventions.

Development of CAR-T Therapies and Personalized Vaccines for the Treatment of Cholangiocarcinoma: Current Progress, Mechanisms of Action, and Challenges.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly fatal malignancy with an increasing prevalence, a high mortality rate, poor overall survival, and limited responsiveness to conventional chemoradiotherapy. Targeted therapies addressing specific gene mutations have expanded treatment options for some patient populations. The introduction of chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell (CAR-T) immunotherapy and personalized vaccines have opened up a new avenue for managing various cancers.

All-cause and cause-specific mortality in patients with chronic hepatitis B and concurrent steatotic liver disease.

Background & Aims: Steatotic liver disease (SLD) is prevalent among patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). However, the effects of metabolic dysfunction-associated SLD (MASLD) on the long-term survival of such patients remain unknown. Accordingly, this study investigated the mortality risks in patients with CHB and concurrent SLD.

Development and Validation of Multiparametric MRI-based Interpretable Deep Learning Radiomics Fusion Model for Predicting Lymph Node Metastasis and Prognosis in Rectal Cancer: A Two-center Study.

Rationale And Objectives: To develop interpretable machine learning models that utilize deep learning (DL) and radiomics based on multiparametric Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to predict preoperative lymph node (LN) metastasis in rectal cancer.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective study involved 286 cancer patients confirmed by histopathology from center 1 (Training set) and 66 patients from center 2 (External test set). Radiomics features were extracted from T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences, whereas DL features were obtained using four models: MobileNet-V3-large, Inception-V3, ResNet50, and VGG16.

LI-RADS US Surveillance Version 2024 for Surveillance of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Update to the American College of Radiology US LI-RADS.

In 2017, the American College of Radiology introduced the US Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) as a framework for US surveillance of patients at risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma. This has aided in the standardization of technique, clinical reporting, patient management, data collection, and research. Emerging evidence has helped inform changes to the algorithm, now released as LI-RADS US Surveillance version 2024.

Design and Evaluation of Pyridinyl Sulfonyl Piperazine LpxH Inhibitors with Potent Antibiotic Activity Against Enterobacterales.

Enterobacterales, a large order of Gram-negative bacteria, including and , are major causes of urinary tract and gastrointestinal infections, pneumonia, and other diseases in healthcare settings and communities. ESBL-producing Enterobacterales and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales can break down commonly used antibiotics, with some strains being resistant to all available antibiotics. This public health threat necessitates the development of novel antibiotics, ideally targeting new pathways in these bacteria.

Relationship Between Physical Literacy and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Physical literacy (PL) can positively affect the health of children, adolescents, and adults, and is closely related to cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF).

Objective: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the relationship between overall physical literacy (PL) and CRF in children and adolescents.

Methods: Cross-sectional, cohort and experimental studies on the relationship between PL and CRF in children and adolescents were collected by searching the Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases.

Blood Pressure Variability and Ocular Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potentials Are Independently Associated With Orthostatic Hypotension.

Background And Purpose: We delineated the association between otolithic dysfunction and blood pressure (BP) variability.

Methods: We prospectively recruited 145 consecutive patients (age=71 [59-79] years, median [interquartile range]; 76 females) with orthostatic intolerance between December 2021 and December 2023 at a tertiary hospital in South Korea. Each patient underwent evaluations of cervical and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (oVEMPs), 24-h noninvasive ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), and a head-up tilt-table test using the Finometer device.

The Effects of Thunb. on the Alleviation of Joint Pain: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.

Arthritis is mainly a geriatric disease that causes joint pain and lowers the quality of life. This clinical trial was performed to evaluate the efficacy of Thunb. (HY-LL) in alleviating joint pain.

Printable, stretchable metal-vapor-desorption layers for high-fidelity patterning in soft, freeform electronics.

High-fidelity patterning of thin metal films on arbitrary soft substrates promises integrated circuits and devices that can significantly augment the morphological functionalities of freeform electronics. However, existing patterning methods that decisively rely on prefabricated rigid masks are severely incompatible with myriad surfaces. Here, we report printable, stretchable metal-vapor-desorption layers (s-MVDLs) that can enable high-fidelity patterning of thin metal films on freeform polymeric surfaces.

Integrative Multiomics in the Lung Reveals a Protective Role of Asporin in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Background: Integrative multiomics can elucidate pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) pathobiology, but procuring human PAH lung samples is rare.

Methods: We leveraged transcriptomic profiling and deep phenotyping of the largest multicenter PAH lung biobank to date (96 disease and 52 control) by integration with clinicopathologic data, genome-wide association studies, Bayesian regulatory networks, single-cell transcriptomics, and pharmacotranscriptomics.

Results: We identified 2 potentially protective gene network modules associated with vascular cells, and we validated , coding for asporin, as a key hub gene that is upregulated as a compensatory response to counteract PAH.

Visualization of the Extracranial Branches of the Trigeminal Nerve Using Improved Motion-Sensitized Driven Equilibrium-Prepared 3D Inversion Recovery TSE Sequence.

Background And Purpose: Visualization of the extracranial trigeminal nerve is crucial to detect nerve pathologic alterations. This study aimed to evaluate visualization of the extracranial trigeminal nerve using 3D inversion recovery TSE with an improved motion-sensitized driven equilibrium (iMSDE) pulse.

Materials And Methods: In this prospective study, 35 subjects underwent imaging of the trigeminal nerve using conventional 3D inversion recovery TSE, 3D inversion recovery TSE with an iMSDE pulse, and contrast-enhanced 3D inversion recovery TSE.

Development of an anti-tauopathy mucosal vaccine specifically targeting pathologic conformers.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related tauopathies are associated with pathological tau protein aggregation, which plays an important role in neurofibrillary degeneration and dementia. Targeted immunotherapy to eliminate pathological tau aggregates is known to improve cognitive deficits in AD animal models. The tau repeat domain (TauRD) plays a pivotal role in tau-microtubule interactions and is critically involved in the aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins.

Multiplicative Effects of Essential Oils and Other Active Components on Skin Tissue and Skin Cancers.

Naturally derived essential oils and their active components are known to possess various properties, ranging from anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-cancer activities. Numerous types of essential oils and active components have been discovered, and their permissive roles have been addressed in various fields. In this comprehensive review, we focused on the roles of essential oils and active components in skin diseases and cancers as discovered over the past three decades.