The clinical effectiveness of open versus closed scaling and root planing on multi-rooted teeth.

Scaling and root planing are the most common techniques utilized to achieve a biologically-acceptable root surface. Thorough root debridement is a demanding task, with residual deposits of plaque and calculus a not uncommon finding after instrumentation. This study evaluated the effectiveness of scaling and root planing via a closed versus an open flap approach.

Soft tissue management during implant maintenance.

Peri-implant soft tissue problems seen during the maintenance phase of implant therapy include an inadequate zone of keratinized tissue, mobility of grafted tissue, mucosal "pouching," gingival hyperplasia, gingival fistulas, and gingivitis. Techniques to alleviate or reduce these problems include free soft tissue autografts, apically positioned flaps, reduction of tissue thickness by a flap procedure or gingivectomy, and increased attention to the control of inflammation.