Region oriented and integrated approach to reduce emissions of nutrients and greenhouse gases from agriculture in the Netherlands.

Agricultural practices are causing a variety of environmental impacts such as emissions of ammonia (NH) and greenhouse gases (GHG), and leaching and runoff of nutrients to groundwater and surface water. Measures need to be taken to achieve environmental targets set in European agreements and directives, such as the Birds and Habitats Directives, Nitrates Directive, Water Framework Directive and Fit for 55 package. To explore solutions for these issues an integral approach is needed, in which synergies between measures are included and pollution swapping is avoided.

Integrated assessment of agricultural practices on large scale losses of ammonia, greenhouse gases, nutrients and heavy metals to air and water.

To gain insight in the environmental impacts of crop, soil and nutrient management, an integrated model framework INITIATOR was developed predicting: (i) emissions of ammonia (NH) and greenhouse gases (GHG) from agriculture, including animal husbandry and crop production and (ii) accumulation, leaching and runoff of carbon, nutrients (nitrogen, N, phosphorus, P, and base cations) and metals in or from soils to groundwater and surface water in the Netherlands. Key processes in soil are included by linear or non-linear process formulations to maintain transparency and to enable data availability for spatially explicit application from field up to national level. Calculated national trends in nutrient losses over 2000-2020 compared well with independent estimates and showed a reduction in N and P input of 26 to 33 %, whereas the surplus declined by 33 % for N and 86 % for P due to increased crop yields and reduced inputs.

The Theories of Gerbrandus Jelgersma (1859-1942) on the Function of the Cerebellum.

Gerbrandus Jelgersma published extensively on the (pathological) anatomy of the cerebellum between 1886 and 1934. Based on his observations on the double innervation of the Purkinje cells, he formulated a hypothesis on the function of the cerebellum. Both afferent systems of the cerebellum, the mossy fiber-parallel fiber system and the climbing fibers terminate on the Purkinje cell dendrites.

Spatially explicit boundaries for agricultural nitrogen inputs in the European Union to meet air and water quality targets.

Agricultural production in the EU has increased strongly since the 1940s, partly driven by increased nitrogen (N) fertiliser and manure inputs. Increased N inputs and associated losses, however, adversely affect air and water quality, with widespread impacts on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and human health. Managing these impacts requires knowledge on 'safe boundaries' for N inputs, i.

Prediction of plant species occurrence as affected by nitrogen deposition and climate change on a European scale.

Plant species occurrence in Europe is affected by changes in nitrogen deposition and climate. Insight into potential future effects of those changes can be derived by a model approach based on field-based empirical evidence on a continental scale. In this paper, we present a newly developed empirical model PROPS, predicting the occurrence probabilities of plant species in response to a combination of climatic factors, nitrogen deposition and soil properties.