The role of family experiences and ADHD in the early development of oppositional defiant disorder.

Objective: The present study examined the role of family experiences in the early development and maintenance of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms in preschool-age children with behavior problems.

Method: Participants were 199 3-year-old children with behavior problems who took part in 4 annual child and family assessments.

Results: Children with behavior problems who were exposed to overreactive parenting practices, maternal depression, marital conflict, and lower family income tended to have more ODD symptoms 3 years later.

In vivo delivery of FTY720 prevents radiation-induced ovarian failure and infertility in adult female nonhuman primates.

Objective: To determine whether sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), or the S1P mimetic FTY720 shields ovaries of adult female rhesus monkeys from damage caused by 15 Gy of targeted radiotherapy, allowing for the retention of long-term fertility, and to evaluate whether S1P protects human ovarian tissue (xenografted into mice) from radiation-induced damage.

Design: Research animal study.

Setting: Research laboratory and teaching hospital.

Psychopharmacology and preschoolers: a critical review of current conditions.

Rates of prescriptions for very young children have increased notably in the last 20 years. These changes have occurred in the context of increasing attention to early childhood mental health, availability of medications perceived to be safer than older medications, application of the medical model to the mental health care of young children, as well as other cultural shifts. Psychopharmacological treatment for any patient, but especially very young children, requires consideration of central nervous system (CNS) and metabolic development and issues of diagnostic validity and should be guided by an empirical literature.

Preschool parent-pediatrician consultations and predictive referral patterns for problematic behaviors.

Objective: The present study examined parents' reports of the frequency, nature, and outcome of pediatrician consultation and interventions about significant preschool behavior problems.

Method: Parents were asked whether they consulted with their pediatric providers about disruptive behavioral problems during a longitudinal study of preschool children.

Results: Eighty 4-year-old children had parents who had consulted with their pediatricians versus 90 children whose parents did not.

Cardiac ischemia model for +Gz using miniature swine and baboons.

Background: Military aircrew with minimal coronary artery disease (MCAD) may be restricted from flying high-performance aircraft due to possible ischemia during high +Gz. An animal model is presented to provide ischemia data for a more informed decision.

Methods: There were 18 swine that were placed on a high cholesterol/high fat diet for up to 57 wk.