An assay for assessing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate malonyl (MACC) transferase (AMT) activity and its regulation by ethylene.

Background: N-malonyl 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (MACC) is a major conjugate of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and may therefore play an important role in regulating ethylene production, as well as ethylene-independent ACC signalling. While the enzyme responsible for this derivatization, ACC malonyltransferase (AMT), has been studied in the past, its identity remains unknown. Methods to assay AMT activity are not well established, and no standardized assay has been described.

A 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) dipeptide elicits ethylene responses through ACC-oxidase mediated substrate promiscuity.

Plants produce the volatile hormone ethylene to regulate many developmental processes and to deal with (a)biotic stressors. In seed plants, ethylene is synthesized from 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) by the dedicated enzyme ACC oxidase (ACO). Ethylene biosynthesis is tightly regulated at the level of ACC through ACC synthesis, conjugation and transport.

Ethylene Insensitive 3-Like 2 is a Brassicaceae-specific transcriptional regulator involved in fine-tuning ethylene responses in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Ethylene signaling directs a pleiotropy of developmental processes in plants. In Arabidopsis, ethylene signaling converges at the master transcription factor Ethylene Insensitive 3 (EIN3), which has five homologs, EIN3-like 1-5 (EIL1-EIL5). EIL1 is most fully characterized and operates similarly to EIN3, while EIL3-5 are not involved in ethylene signaling.

Dual expression and anatomy lines allow simultaneous visualization of gene expression and anatomy.

Studying the developmental genetics of plant organs requires following gene expression in specific tissues. To facilitate this, we have developed dual expression anatomy lines, which incorporate a red plasma membrane marker alongside a fluorescent reporter for a gene of interest in the same vector. Here, we adapted the GreenGate cloning vectors to create two destination vectors showing strong marking of cell membranes in either the whole root or specifically in the lateral roots.

Function of the pseudo phosphotransfer proteins has diverged between rice and Arabidopsis.

The phytohormone cytokinin plays a significant role in nearly all aspects of plant growth and development. Cytokinin signaling has primarily been studied in the dicot model Arabidopsis, with relatively little work done in monocots, which include rice (Oryza sativa) and other cereals of agronomic importance. The cytokinin signaling pathway is a phosphorelay comprised of the histidine kinase receptors, the authentic histidine phosphotransfer proteins (AHPs) and type-B response regulators (RRs).