X-ray generation by fs-laser processing of biological material.

The use of ultrashort pulse lasers in medical treatments is increasing and is already an essential tool, particularly in the treatment of eyes, bones and skin. One of the main advantages of laser treatment is that it is fast and minimally invasive. Due to the interaction of ultrashort laser pulses with matter, X-rays can be generated during the laser ablation process.

A teaching concept for school experiments on radioactivity using augmented reality methods.

Digital media are becoming increasingly influential in society, especially among the younger generation. Therefore, an augmented reality (AR) app was developed that simulates experiments with radioactive sources. The app runs experiments on the range and penetration power of alpha, beta and gamma radiation.

Potential hazards and mitigation of X-ray radiation generated by laser-induced plasma from research-grade laser systems.

A large range of laser-matter applications employ ultrashort pulses and high laser intensity. Such processes can lead to unrequired X-ray generation, which represents a hazardous radiation factor even for common laboratory research-grade laser systems. We present here an analysis of the radiation dose rate and X-ray spectrum emitted during ablation of a rotating copper cylinder with respect to several laser parameters.

X-ray Dose Rate and Spectral Measurements during Ultrafast Laser Machining Using a Calibrated (High-Sensitivity) Novel X-ray Detector.

Ultrashort pulse laser machining is subject to increase the processing speeds by scaling average power and pulse repetition rate, accompanied with higher dose rates of X-ray emission generated during laser-matter interaction. In particular, the X-ray energy range below 10 keV is rarely studied in a quantitative approach. We present measurements with a novel calibrated X-ray detector in the detection range of 2-20 keV and show the dependence of X-ray radiation dose rates and the spectral emissions for different laser parameters from frequently used metals, alloys, and ceramics for ultrafast laser machining.

Processing and uses of fly ash addressing radioactivity (critical review).

Fly ash is the residue of coal combustion collected by electrostatic or cyclone separator. It is one of the largest quantities of waste disposed in the world. Fly ash represents mostly less than 100 micron in size spherical particles with pozzolanic and hydraulic properties depending on its composition.