The need for standardization of the valsalva leak-point pressure.

The Valsalva leak-point pressure is a new test being advocated for evaluation of urethral sphincter function. However, there is currently no standardized technique for performing the test, and therefore it is difficult to draw conclusions regarding its ability to define the degree of function or dysfunction of the urethral sphincter mechanism. This article reviews the current literature regarding the parameters and techniques for performing the Valsalva leak-point pressure test.

The effect of urban socioeconomic problems on perinatal statistics in Milwaukee, 1983-1991.

Perinatal statistics in an urban environment are analyzed over a 9-year period. Perinatal outcome parameters in 27,986 deliveries are analyzed. The number of prenatal visits, low birth weight, illicit drug use, perinatal mortality, race, and age are studied.

Drug use or inadequate prenatal care? Adverse pregnancy outcome in an urban setting.

Objective: This study analyzed the relationships between illicit drug use, low birth weight, adequacy of prenatal care, and perinatal mortality.

Study Design: Perinatal outcome parameters in 23,926 deliveries between 1983 and 1990 were analyzed. Statistical analysis (chi 2 analysis) was applied for each year of study to separate the effects of inadequate prenatal care from illicit drug use.

Peripheral circular contours inhibit the visual orientation control system.

Peripheral visual stimulation with a tilted luminous frame has long been known to influence both body orientation and the apparent tilt of objects. Peripheral visual inputs along with vestibular and somaesthetic components thus constitute a multi-channel perceptual orientation control system. Surrounding the visual induction pattern with a luminous circle reduced the effectiveness of the visual channel to about 23% of maximum, whereas inscribing a circle within the luminous frame was without effect.