The Use of Smartphone Keystroke Dynamics to Passively Monitor Upper Limb and Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis: Longitudinal Analysis.

Background: Typing on smartphones, which has become a near daily activity, requires both upper limb and cognitive function. Analysis of keyboard interactions during regular typing, that is, keystroke dynamics, could therefore potentially be utilized for passive and continuous monitoring of function in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Objective: To determine whether passively acquired smartphone keystroke dynamics correspond to multiple sclerosis outcomes, we investigated the association between keystroke dynamics and clinical outcomes (upper limb and cognitive function).

Smartphone-derived keystroke dynamics are sensitive to relevant changes in multiple sclerosis.

Background: To investigate smartphone keystroke dynamics (KD), derived from regular typing, on sensitivity to relevant change in disease activity, fatigue, and clinical disability in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods: Preplanned interim analysis of a cohort study with 102 MS patients assessed at baseline and 3-month follow-up for gadolinium-enhancing lesions on magnetic resonance imaging, relapses, fatigue and clinical disability outcomes. Keyboard interactions were unobtrusively collected during typing using the Neurokeys App.

Early-warning signals for disease activity in patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis based on keystroke dynamics.

Within data gathered through passive monitoring of patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), there is a clear necessity for improved methodological approaches to match the emergence of continuous, objective, measuring technologies. As most gold standards measure infrequently and require clinician presence, fluctuations in the daily progression are not accounted for. Due to the underlying conditions of homogeneity and stationarity (the main tenets of ergodicity) not being met for the majority of the statistical methods employed in the clinical setting, alternative approaches should be investigated.

Real-world keystroke dynamics are a potentially valid biomarker for clinical disability in multiple sclerosis.

Background: Clinical measures in multiple sclerosis (MS) face limitations that may be overcome by utilising smartphone keyboard interactions acquired continuously and remotely during regular typing.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of keystroke dynamics to assess clinical aspects of MS.

Methods: In total, 102 MS patients and 24 controls were included in this observational study.

Brain death organ donation potential and life support therapy limitation in neurocritical patients.

Objective: To analyze the profile, incidence of life support therapy limitation (LSTL) and donation potential in neurocritical patients.

Study Design: A multicenter prospective study was carried out.

Setting: Nine hospitals authorized for organ harvesting for transplantation.