Reducing beam tracking complexity using a phase ramp and Fresnel lens when steering beams using spatial light modulators.

Steering multiple laser beams using spatial light modulators (SLMs) creates unwanted diffraction and reflections that are not modulated by the SLM, which can make beam tracking difficult. A novel, to the best of our knowledge, and simple beam steering methodology is proposed, which aims at reducing the influence of this clutter while maintaining tracking performance. The beam(s) are deliberately defocused before steering with a superposition of a phase ramp and Fresnel lens (PRFL) phase screen on the SLM.

Intravesical BCG in patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder: long-term results of EORTC GU Group phase II protocol 30861.

Objectives: This phase II study was designed to assess the response rate, side effects and long-term efficacy of BCG in the treatment of carcinoma in situ (Cis) of the urinary bladder.

Methods: 103 eligible patients with Cis were treated with 6 consecutive weekly intravesical instillations of 120 mg BCG-Connaught. In case of no response, a second 6-week course was given.

[The veterinarian in research (author's transl)].

The veterinary research curriculum which is very similar to the medical curriculum in several respects, requires that the qualified veterinarian should be conversant with many subjects, including the extensive field of research. The title of the present paper is so comprehensive that deliberate qualification is required. The responsibility of the speaker invited implies that the first limitation he has to impose upon himself is that of approaching the subject on the basis of the present-day need for socially relevant research.