Neuromodulation of risk and reward processing during decision making in individuals with general anxiety disorder (GAD).

Individuals with general anxiety disorder (GAD) have an impaired future-oriented processing and altered reward perception, which might involve the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Twenty-nine adults with GAD performed the balloon analogue risk-taking task (BART) and delay discounting task (DDT) during five sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with different stimulation conditions. The stimulation conditions were: anodal dlPFC (F3)/cathodal vmPFC (Fp2), anodal vmPFC (Fp2)/cathodal dlPFC (F3), anodal dlPFC (F3)/cathodal right shoulder, anodal vmPFC (Fp2)/cathodal left shoulder, and sham stimulation.

Beyond discrete-choice options.

While decision theories have evolved over the past five decades, their focus has largely been on choices among a limited number of discrete options, even though many real-world situations have a continuous-option space. Recently, theories have attempted to address decisions with continuous-option spaces, and several computational models have been proposed within the sequential sampling framework to explain how we make a decision in continuous-option space. This article aims to review the main attempts to understand decisions on continuous-option spaces, give an overview of applications of these types of decisions, and present puzzles to be addressed by future developments.

EZ-CDM: Fast, simple, robust, and accurate estimation of circular diffusion model parameters.

The investigation of cognitive processes that form the basis of decision-making in paradigms involving continuous outcomes has gained the interest of modeling researchers who aim to develop a dynamic decision theory that accounts for both speed and accuracy. One of the most important of these continuous models is the circular diffusion model (CDM, Smith. Psychological Review, 123(4), 425.

Neural symphony of risky decision making in children with ADHD: Insights from transcranial alternating current stimulation and cognitive modeling.

Background: The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) are key brain regions involved in risky decision making, affected in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aims to examine how entrainment of these areas impacts the process and outcome of risky decision making in children with ADHD.

Methods: Eighteen children with ADHD performed the balloon analogue risk-taking task (BART) during five different sessions of tACS (1.

Are there jumps in evidence accumulation, and what, if anything, do they reflect psychologically? An analysis of Lévy Flights models of decision-making.

According to existing theories of simple decision-making, decisions are initiated by continuously sampling and accumulating perceptual evidence until a threshold value has been reached. Many models, such as the diffusion decision model, assume a noisy accumulation process, described mathematically as a stochastic Wiener process with Gaussian distributed noise. Recently, an alternative account of decision-making has been proposed in the Lévy Flights (LF) model, in which accumulation noise is characterized by a heavy-tailed power-law distribution, controlled by a parameter, [Formula: see text].