Rare variations of cephalic vein drainage: two case reports.

Throughout the years, anatomic studies have demonstrated numerous variations in the course of the cephalic vein (CV). There are, however, very rare cases of uncommon formation, course, or termination of the vein to which our attention should be drawn. During routine dissections conducted in the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, in 2 formalin-fixed cadavers, very rare anatomical variants were found.

Proteasome inhibitors against amelanotic melanoma.

The incidence of malignant melanoma, the most aggressive skin cancer, is increasing constantly. Despite new targeted therapies, the prognosis for patients with metastatic disease remains poor. Thus, there is a need for new combinational treatments, and antineoplastic agents potentially valuable in this approach are inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS).

Reduced level of synapsin I protein in the rat striatum after intraventricular administration of proteasome inhibitors: preliminary studies.

Background: We have recently described changes present in nigrostriatal terminals after intraperitoneal administration of MG-132 and changes that occur in the walls of the rat lateral ventricle after intraventricular administration of MG-132, lactacystin and epoxomicin - different classes of proteasome inhibitors. Substances that inhibit ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) activity, are intensively studied due to their potential role as novel therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cancer and ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the brain. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of intraventricular administration of MG-132, lactacystin and epoxomicin on the level in the rat striatum synapsin I - one of the most prominent neuron-specific phosphoproteins in the brain.

Hippocampal interleukin-1beta in the juvenile and middle-aged rat: response to chronic forced swim or high-light open-field stress stimulation.

It is postulated that stress differentially affects interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) during ontogenetic life. This study examined the influence of chronic exposure to forced swim (FS) stress or high-light open-field (HL-OF) stress on interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). The total level of IL-1beta protein was assessed by Western blot analysis of hippocampal extracts.

Stress-induced changes of interleukin-1beta within the limbic system in the rat.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of two periods of life, namely P28 and P360, on the changes in interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) immunoreactivity (-ir) in the hippocampus (CA1, CA3, DG) and amygdala (central-CeA, medial-MeA) caused by acute and repeated open field (OF), or by forced swim (FS) exposition. Rats were divided into groups: non-stressed, exposed to acute (one-time for 15 min) and chronic stressors (21 days for 15 min daily). We found IL-1beta-ir in the control group to be higher in P360 than in P28.