Evaluating functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling on cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and functional outcomes in adults with multiple sclerosis and mobility impairment: A systematic review.

Background: People with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) are at an increased risk of diseases associated with low levels of physical activity (PA). Deconditioning may lead to an acceleration in the development of secondary complications from MS, impairing physical function and exacerbating disease progression. Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) Cycling may provide a suitable lower limb exercise intervention for PwMS with mobility impairment.

Perceptual simulations can be as expressive as first-order logic.

Theories asserting that human reasoning is based on perceptual simulations often suppose these simulations are of concrete individual objects and the specific relations that hold among them. However, much human knowledge involves assertions about which relations do not hold, generalities over large numbers of objects and conditional facts. Can simulation theories explain how the mind represents these forms of knowledge, or are they inferior in their expressive power to knowledge representation schemes based on logical formalisms designed specifically to deal with negative, conditional and quantificational knowledge? In this paper, we show how assertions about mental simulations can in fact straightforwardly express all the concepts that comprise first-order logic, including negation, conditionals and both universal and existential quantification.

HIV positivity, protease inhibitor exposure and subclinical atherosclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Context: Patients with HIV may have increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease owing to multiple biological mechanisms.

Objective: To evaluate the evidence for subclinical atherosclerosis among patients with HIV.

Design: Systematic review of observational studies.