Concomitant circumaortic and retro-aortic left renal veins associated with fenestrated renal artery.

Variations of the left renal vein can be in the form of circumaortic vein or renal collar, retro-aortic vein, additional renal vein, or multiple primary tributaries. We report a unique complex venous pattern of concomitant circumaortic and retro-aortic left renal veins associated with a fenestrated left renal artery. Two renal veins, anterior and posterior to the renal artery, originated from the renal hilum.

An unilateral double fenestration of the right external jugular vein: a rare variant.

Objectives: This report presents a rare anatomical variation, double fenestration of the External jugular vein on the right side.

Materials And Methods: During the routine dissection of a male cadaver aged 60 years, we observed a unilateral large double fenestration of the External jugular vein on the right side.

Results: After its formation from the posterior division of the retromandibular and posterior auricular veins, External jugular vein descended in the posterior triangle of neck.

Unravelling the Anatomy of the Anterior Tarsal Tunnel and Its Clinical Implications.

Background: Anterior tarsal tunnel (ATT) syndrome is caused by the compression of the deep fibular nerve (DFN) within the ATT beneath the inferior extensor retinaculum, bounded by the tendons of the extensor hallucis longus (EHL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL). Compression may result from direct trauma, repetitive mechanical irritation, and thrombosis of the dorsalis pedis artery. Injury to the contents of ATT could occur during ankle arthroscopy.

Anatomical variations in the course of spinal accessory nerve in the neck triangles: A descriptive study.

Background: Spinal Accessory Nerve (SAN), which innervates the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and trapezius muscles, is closely related to the internal jugular vein (IJV) in the anterior triangle of the neck and passes superficially in the posterior triangle. Injury to SAN is a major complication of level II neck dissection, leading to shoulder syndrome. The present study aims to assess the course and its relation to the SCM muscle and IJV in the Tamil ethnolinguistic groups in South India.

Chlamydial Antibody Test in Screening of Tubal Infertility: Specificity and Sensitivity Analysis.

Sexually transmitted infection is a frequent cause of tubal factor abnormality. Chlamydia trachomatis is a common causative organism for sexually transmitted infection. There are studies indicating association of chlamydial antibodies in serum with tubal abnormalities.