Do the lockdown-imposed changes in a wastewater treatment plant catchment's socio-demographics impact longitudinal temporal trends in psychoactive pharmaceutical use?

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) includes the analysis of human metabolic biomarkers of xenobiotics in influent wastewater. WBE complements existing drug utilization approaches and provides objective, spatio-temporal information on the consumption of pharmaceuticals in the general population. This approach was applied to 24-h composite influent wastewater samples from Leuven, Belgium.

Development of a 3D-Printed Dosing Platform to Aid in Zolpidem Withdrawal Therapy.

The long-term use of benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs) is associated with multiple side effects, such as increased sedation, hangover or an elevated risk of dependency and abuse. Unfortunately, the long-term use of BZRAs is reaching worrying intake rates, and therefore, the need for action is high. It was demonstrated already that the overall willingness of patients for deprescription increased when a slow dose reduction scheme with the possibility for dose increase, if needed, is employed.

Out of pocket expenses: effect of fee-waivers on opioid prescribing and dispensing.

Introduction: Pharmaceutical reimbursement policies should aim for satisfactory health care at reasonable prices and assure treatment adherence while avoiding wasteful pharmaceutical spending. In Belgium, the maximum billing system, also called "Maximum Amount Fixed" system (MAF), ensures that out-of-pocket payments beyond a ceiling are fully reimbursed to guarantee pharmaceutical treatment in vulnerable population groups (e.g.

Belgian community pharmacists' pharmacovigilance perspective and practice.

Background: Pharmacovigilance legislation was introduced back in 2012 with new concepts such as the inverted black triangles and risk minimisation activities. Healthcare professionals need to familiarize themselves with these new notions in order to comply with their obligations such as risk mitigation and reporting of adverse drug reactions.

Objective: To measure the magnitude and relevance of these new concepts and the impact on everyday dispensing in Belgian community pharmacies.

Development of clinical pharmacy services in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Canada, Germany, Japan, Kosovo, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Thailand, USA and correlation with educational standards, level of research, and implemen.

Objective: This study aimed to compare determinants of professional development between different countries to identify barriers and facilitators of development towards clinical pharmacy services and stimulate discussion of under-used potential and opportunities.

Materials: The study was conceived as a survey. The questionnaire was administered to a group of experts.