Mindfulness-based stress reduction for failed back surgery syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.

Context: Previous studies on the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) therapy on chronic pain syndromes have been hampered by study design.

Objective: To evaluate short-term efficacy of MBSR therapy for improving quality of life in adults with failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS).

Design: A single-center, prospective, randomized, single-blind, parallel-group clinical trial.

Testosterone concentrations, testes weight and morphology of mule drakes (Muscovy drake x Khaki Campbell).

1. Mule ducks were produced by naturally mating Muscovy drakes and Khaki Campbell ducks. 2.