Creep Analysis of Bamboo Composite for Structural Applications.

The present study investigates the phenomena of creep in a bamboo composite. The material was tested under tensile and compressive loading and simulated in finite element analysis software to estimate the creep coefficients. The presented findings have displayed the material's propensity to fail at loads lower than the recorded ultimate strength, as early as 65% of this strength within 100 h, showing the importance of considering creep when designing structural components.

Connection Confinement of Bolted Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Bamboo Composite.

Parallel strand bamboo is a composite material that demonstrates high strength and low variability compared to other timber materials. However, its use in bolted connections is limited by a tendency to fail in shear-out mode. One promising technique to prevent failure is the method of confinement, whereby the composite connection is confined laterally, inducing a compressive force perpendicular to the composite fibres, which increases the shear strength in the loading process.

Celts under the Knife: Surgical Fortitude, Racial Theory and the British Army, 1800-1914.

The nineteenth century saw an extensive cult of the heroic fortitude of the British soldier in surgery. Tales of men laughing through unanaesthetised operations were endlessly repeated in newspapers, military memoirs, surgical literature and boy's own stories. However, the identity of the "British soldier" was by no means obvious, since the British state itself was multi-ethnic.

Military surgery as national romance: the memory of British heroic fortitude at Waterloo.

This paper shows the ways that tales of stoicism during surgery at the Battle of Waterloo came to be a significant part of the ideological framework of Romantic Militarism. Celebrating the killing of enemies clashed with ideals of politeness, but hailing a soldier's powers of endurance in surgery was an acceptable way of extolling courage, framing lived experience of agony into narratives of exalted pain, masculine fortitude and quasi-religious patriotic feeling. In Britain, an extensive discourse emerged about the supposed Britishness of surgical sangfroid at Waterloo, providing a narrative of national superiority in the decades of imperial expansion that followed.

Experiencing, Exploiting, and Evacuating Bile: Framing Fashionable Biliousness from the Sufferer's Perspective.

This article examines how sufferers experienced, understood, and expressed themselves as bilious, focusing on the late Georgian era when the disease became one of the most fashionable and oft diagnosed amongst the elites. We show that responses to bile were more complex, varied, and less credulous than contemporary diatribes and subsequent historiography imply. Nonetheless, we foreground the socioculturally negotiated elements of the malady rather than its "reality.