Detecting Cheating in Large-Scale Assessment: The Transfer of Detectors to New Tests.

Recent approaches to the detection of cheaters in tests employ detectors from the field of machine learning. Detectors based on supervised learning algorithms achieve high accuracy but require labeled data sets with identified cheaters for training. Labeled data sets are usually not available at an early stage of the assessment period.

Douglas-fir plantations impact stream and groundwater chemistry in western Europe: Insights from three case studies in France and Luxembourg.

In rural areas, nitrate concentrations in surface waters most often originate from the leaching of excess N fertilizer in agricultural lands, whereas forested catchments often have good water quality. However, Douglas-fir plantations may induce nitrogen cycle unbalances which may lead to an excess of nitrate production in the soil. We hypothesize that the excess of production of nitrate in the soil and nitrate leaching to streamwater is greater in catchments planted with Douglas fir.

Disentangling Different Aspects of Change in Tests with the D-Diffusion Model.

Diffusion-based item response theory models are measurement models that link parameters of the diffusion model (drift rate, boundary separation) to latent traits of test takers. Similar to standard latent trait models, they assume the invariance of the test takers' latent traits during a test. Previous research, however, suggests that traits change as test takers learn or decrease their effort.

Prolonged Effect of Forest Soil Compaction on Methanogen and Methanotroph Seasonal Dynamics.

Methane (CH) oxidation by methanotrophic bacteria in forest soils is the largest biological sink for this greenhouse gas on earth. However, the compaction of forest soils by logging traffic has previously been shown to reduce the potential rate of CH uptake. This change could be due to not only a decrease of methanotrophs but also an increase in methanogen activity.

Test-Taking Motivation in Education Students: Task Battery Order Affected Within-Test-Taker Effort and Importance.

Different types of tasks exist, including tasks for research purposes or exams assessing knowledge. According to expectation-value theory, tests are related to different levels of effort and importance within a test taker. Test-taking effort and importance in students decreased over the course of high-stakes tests or low-stakes-tests in research on test-taking motivation.