[A huge foreign body in the orbit].

The authors present an account on a two-year-old child which while playing pushed the broken end of a pencil into the orbit above the bulbus. With regard to the nature of the object it was extracted by two-stage surgery. The injury did not affect the child's ocular functions.

[What is known today about the treatment of injuries of Charles IV in the year 1350].

The author proceeds with his earlier 1990 contribution ou the complementary examination of the skull of the Czech king and Roman emperor Charles IV. Direct relationship between the injury to the cervical spine and the newly detected healed fractures of the mandible was established. A strong blow on the king's chin induced the four-fold dislocated fracture of the mandible.

Surgical treatment of ankyloses of the temporomandibular joint in children.

Ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint leads in children to serious disorders such as loss of dentition, growth retardation of the lower jaw, facial asymmetry etc. During the period from 1993 till 1997 we treated 12 children incl. eight who had unilateral and four bilateral ankylosis.

Caput mandibulae accessorium.

The presented anomaly consists of a doubled mandibular condylus in a boy aged 5.5 years. We report this case because of its rare localisation, shape, size and microscopic pattern.

Fixation of the tongue below mandible in Pierre Robin syndrome.

For some children with a diagnosis of Robin syndrome the conservative treatment will not be sufficient due to recurrent glossoptosis and acute obturation of the airways which leads to asphyxia. The risk for children with this complication is so serious that it needs emergency surgical treatment. Its aim is an artificial ankyloglossia.