60 Years of the 3Rs symposium: Lessons learned and the road ahead.

When The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique was published in 1959, authors William Russell and Rex Burch had a modest goal: to make researchers think about what they were doing in the laboratory – and to do it more humanely. Sixty years later, their groundbreaking book was celebrated for inspiring a revolution in science and launching a new field: The 3Rs of alternatives to animal experimentation. On November 22, 2019, some pioneering and leading scientists and researchers in the field gathered at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Bal­timore for the 60 Years of the 3Rs Symposium: Lessons Learned and the Road Ahead.

An active contributor: Dr. Lindberg and NLM's historical programs and services.

Donald A.B. Lindberg M.

An Active Contributor: Dr. Lindberg and NLM's Historical Programs and Services.

Donald A.B. Lindberg M.

The Emergence and Early Fate of the Three Rs Concept.

In the 60th year since the publication of by W.M.S.