The type VI secretion system induces intestinal macrophage redistribution and enhanced intestinal motility.

Unlabelled: Intestinal microbes, whether resident or transient, influence the physiology of their hosts, altering both the chemical and the physical characteristics of the gut. An example of the latter is the human pathogen ability to induce strong mechanical contractions, discovered in zebrafish. The underlying mechanism has remained unknown, but the phenomenon requires the actin crosslinking domain (ACD) of 's type VI secretion system (T6SS), a multicomponent protein syringe that pierces adjacent cells and delivers toxins.

Companion dogs flexibly and spontaneously comprehend human gestures in multiple contexts.

Dogs' comprehension of human gestures has been characterized as more human-like than that of our closest primate relatives, due to a level of flexibility and spontaneous performance on par with that of human infants. However, many of the critical experiments that have been the core evidence for an understanding of human communicative intentions in dogs have yet to be replicated. Here we test the ability of dogs to comprehend a pointing gesture while varying the salience of the gesture and the context in which it is made.

Simple Mechanism for the Observed Breakdown of the Nernst-Einstein Relation for Ions in Carbon Nanotubes.

In this Letter, we present a simple mechanism that explains the recent experimental observation of the breakdown of the Nernst-Einstein (NE) relation for an ion moving in a carbon nanotube of subnanometer diameter. We argue that the friction acting on the ion is largely independent of the ion velocity, i.e.

Vagus nerve stimulation rescues persistent pain following orthopedic surgery in adult mice.

Postoperative pain is a major clinical problem imposing a significant burden on patients and society. In a survey 2 years after orthopedic surgery, 57% of patients reported persisting postoperative pain. However, only limited progress has been made in the development of safe and effective therapies to prevent the onset and chronification of pain after orthopedic surgery.

Theory of the force of friction acting on water chains flowing through carbon nanotubes.

A simple model for the friction experienced by the one-dimensional water chains that flow through subnanometer diameter carbon nanotubes is studied. The model is based on a lowest order perturbation theory treatment of the friction experienced by the water chains due to the excitation of phonon and electron excitations in both the nanotube and the water chain, as a result of the motion of the chain. On the basis of this model, we are able to demonstrate how the observed flow velocities of water chains through carbon nanotubes of the order of several centimeters per second can be accounted for.