Global aging populations are facing increased prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) - the preclinical stage of dementia characterized by single/multi-domain neurocognitive decline that does not impair an individual's normal daily functioning. Asian populations are at increased risk of developing MCI and dementia, and many cases go undetected in Southeast Asia (SEA), resulting in increased burden on patients, caregivers and national healthcare systems. There is an urgent need for efficient and scalable diagnostic and management strategies across SEA.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSpectral entropy and bispectral index (BIS) can differentiate between conscious and unconscious levels in horses. This study aimed to determine whether spectral entropy and BIS parameters can distinguish between different end-tidal isoflurane concentrations (EtIso, %), and whether these parameters change when a nociceptive stimulus is applied. Ten clinically healthy horses were anaesthetized using xylazine, diazepam, ketamine, and isoflurane.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCD8 T cells play a key role in elimination of intracellular pathogens. Here, we have carried out a detailed phenotypic and functional analysis of swine blood CD8β T cells, after vaccination with a live attenuated PRV vaccine. Based on the expression of six surface molecules (CD11a, CD27, CD45RA, CD95, CCR7 and SLA-DR), up to eight subsets can be identified within the circulating compartment of CD8β T cells of adult pigs; six of which correlate phenotypically with naïve, stem cell memory, central memory, transitional memory, effector memory, and terminal effector subsets described in humans.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe diversification of animal communication systems is driven by the interacting effects of signalers, signal receivers, and the environment. Yet, the critical role of unintended receivers, like eavesdropping enemies, has been underappreciated. Furthermore, contemporary evolution of animal signals is rare, making it difficult to directly observe this process.
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