Recommendations for Comparison of Productivity Between Fed-Batch and Perfusion Processes.

Due to the growing interest in integrated continuous processing in the biopharmaceutical industry, productivity comparison of batch-based and continuous processes is considered a challenge. Integrated continuous manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals requires scientists and engineers to collaborate effectively. Differing definitions, for example, of volumetric productivity, may cause confusion in this interdisciplinary field.

Adaptation for survival: phenotype and transcriptome response of CHO cells to elevated stress induced by agitation and sparging.

In this work, the response and adaption of CHO cells to hydrodynamic stress in laboratory scale bioreactors originating from agitation, sparging and their combination is studied experimentally. First, the maximum hydrodynamic stress, τ(max), is characterized over a broad range of operating conditions using a shear sensitive particulate system. Separate stress regimes are determined, where τ(max) is controlled either by sparging, agitation, or their combination.

Development of a Scale-Down Model of hydrodynamic stress to study the performance of an industrial CHO cell line under simulated production scale bioreactor conditions.

The objective of this study was to develop a Scale-Down Model of a hydrodynamic stress present in large scale production bioreactors to investigate the performance of CHO cells under simulated production bioreactor conditions. Various levels of hydrodynamic stress were generated in 2L bioreactors mimicking those present in different locations of a large scale stirred tank bioreactor. In general, it was observed that tested cells are highly robust against the effect of hydrodynamic stress.

A multi-core CPU pipeline architecture for virtual environments.

Physically-based virtual environments (VEs) provide realistic interactions and behaviors for computer-based medical simulations. Limited CPU resources have traditionally forced VEs to be simplified for real-time performance. Multi-core processors greatly increase the computational capacity of computers and are quickly becoming standard.

Evidence for a late-occurring effect of phoneme repetition during silent reading.

Two reading experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of phoneme repetition during silent reading (also referred to as the visual tongue-twister effect, see McCutchen & Perfetti, 1982; Perfetti & McCutchen, 1982) in conjunction with end-of-clause and end-of-sentence wrap-up effects (Just & Carpenter, 1982; Rayner, Sereno, Morris, Schmauder, & Clifton, 1989). In both experiments, reading time was measured on sentences containing either six or zero words sharing the same initial phoneme. Sentences were presented in a phrase-by-phrase moving window, with each phrase either containing one word that involved a repeated phoneme or a matched word not involving a repeated phoneme.