Explainable artificial intelligence for neuroimaging-based dementia diagnosis and prognosis.

Introduction: Artificial intelligence and neuroimaging enable accurate dementia prediction, but 'black box' models can be difficult to trust. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) describes techniques to understand model behaviour and the influence of features, however deciding which method is most appropriate is non-trivial. Vision transformers (ViT) have also gained popularity, providing a self-explainable, alternative to traditional convolutional neural networks (CNN).

Cardiometabolic benefits of a non-industrialized-type diet are linked to gut microbiome modulation.

Industrialization adversely affects the gut microbiome and predisposes individuals to chronic non-communicable diseases. We tested a microbiome restoration strategy comprising a diet that recapitulated key characteristics of non-industrialized dietary patterns (restore diet) and a bacterium rarely found in industrialized microbiomes (Limosilactobacillus reuteri) in a randomized controlled feeding trial in healthy Canadian adults. The restore diet, despite reducing gut microbiome diversity, enhanced the persistence of L.

Should digoxin immune fab be administered based solely on reported ingested amount in acute digoxin poisoning?

Acute digoxin poisoning is increasingly uncommon in emergency medicine. Furthermore, controversy exists regarding indications for antidotal digoxin immune fab in acute poisoning. In healthy adults, the fab prescribing information recommends administration based on "known consumption of fatal doses of digoxin: ≥10mg," while many emergency medicine textbooks suggest fab administration be driven by clinical features or potassium concentration.

Validation of Clinical Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Perfusion Modeling and Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Response Prediction in Breast Cancer Using FDG and Cu-DOTA-Trastuzumab Positron Emission Tomography Studies.

Purpose: Perfusion modeling presents significant opportunities for imaging biomarker development in breast cancer but has historically been held back by the need for data beyond the clinical standard of care (SoC) and uncertainty in the interpretability of results. We aimed to design a perfusion model applicable to breast cancer SoC dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) series with results stable to low temporal resolution imaging, comparable with published results using full-resolution DCE-MRI, and correlative with orthogonal imaging modalities indicative of biophysical markers.

Methods: Subsampled high-temporal-resolution DCE-MRI series were run through our perfusion model and resulting fits were compared for consistency.

Regional readiness for sodium nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia: availability of methemoglobin testing and methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue) stocking in the Upper Midwestern United States.

Introduction: Sodium nitrite is a potent oxidizer, which may precipitate rapidly lethal methemoglobinemia. Prompt diagnosis and treatment may salvage otherwise fatal cases. It is unclear if emergency departments are prepared for increasing cases.