Metastasis initiating cells in primary prostate cancer tissues from transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) predicts castration-resistant progression and survival of prostate cancer patients.

Background: We previously reported that the activation of RANK and c-Met signaling components in both experimental mouse models and human prostate cancer (PC) specimens predicts bone metastatic potential and PC patient survival. This study addresses whether a population of metastasis-initiating cells (MICs) known to express a stronger RANKL, phosphorylated c-Met (p-c-Met), and neuropilin-1 (NRP1) signaling network than bystander or dormant cells (BDCs) can be detected in PC tissues from patients subjected to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for urinary obstruction prior to the diagnosis of PC with or without prior hormonal manipulation, and whether the relative abundance of MICs over BDCs could predict castration-resistant progression and PC patient survival.

Methods: We employed a multiplexed quantum-dot labeling (mQDL) protocol to detect and quantify MICs and BDCs at the single cell level in TURP tissues obtained from 44 PC patients with documented overall survival and castration resistance status.

Development of a theory of mind in individuals with mental retardation.

The ability of adolescents with mental retardation to reason about other people's mental states was examined. Subjects were asked questions about the knowledge and beliefs of characters in stories that they heard and saw enacted with props. The adolescents with mental retardation performed worse than did children without mental retardation matched for MA.

Dynamic contextual variables and the directives of persons with mental retardation.

We examined the ability of 14 persons with mental retardation and of 14 children without mental retardation to adjust the linguistic form of their directives as a function of their listener's affective state (happy or sad) and activity level (busy or idle). Directives were elicited by requiring the subjects to obtain toys from an adult listener. We found that both groups of subjects were sensitive to these dimensions of the communicative context.

Interpreting and responding to spoken language: children's recognition and use of a speaker's goal.

This study had two purposes. The first was to examine age differences in the extent to which children infer and use a speaker's interpersonal goal to understand speech acts. To this end, the subjects responded to Do you have.