Diagnosis, Severity, and Prognosis from Potential Biomarkers of COVID-19 in Urine: A Review of Clinical and Omics Results.

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has spurred an extraordinary scientific effort to better understand the disease's pathophysiology and develop diagnostic and prognostic tools to guide more precise and effective clinical management. Among the biological samples analyzed for biomarker identification, urine stands out due to its low risk of infection, non-invasive collection, and suitability for frequent, large-volume sampling. Integrating data from omics studies with standard biochemical analyses offers a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of COVID-19.

Analysis of the Urine Volatilome of COVID-19 Patients and the Possible Metabolic Alterations Produced by the Disease.

Alterations in metabolism caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection have been highlighted in various investigations and have been used to search for biomarkers in different biological matrices. However, the selected biomarkers vary greatly across studies. Our objective is to provide a robust selection of biomarkers, including results from different sample treatments in the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in urine samples from patients with COVID-19.

Evaluation of risk factors for COVID-19 severity or death and their relationship to metabolic pathways.

Background: Since the state of alarm was declared due to the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals have been the main ones in charge of registering the therapeutic follow-up of affected people. The analysis of these data has allowed those different biochemical markers have been identified as predictors of the severity of the disease, but most of the published studies tend to be eminently descriptive and do not propose a biochemical hypothesis to explain the alteration of the results they are showing. Our objective is to recognize the main metabolic processes that are occurring in COVID-19 patients, as well as the identification of clinical parameters that are decisive to predict the severity of the disease.

A metabolic readout of the urine metabolome of COVID-19 patients.

Analysis of urine samples from COVID-19 patients by H NMR reveals important metabolic alterations due to SAR-CoV-2 infection. Previous studies have identified biomarkers in urine that reflect metabolic alterations in COVID-19 patients. We have used H NMR to better define these metabolic alterations since this technique allows us to obtain a broad profile of the metabolites present in urine.