Sleep-like State in Pond Snails Leads to Enhanced Memory Formation.

To test the hypothesis that a sleep-like quiescent state enhances memory consolidation in the pond snail , we interposed a period in which snails experienced either a quiescent, sleeping state or an active, non-sleeping state following escape behavior suppression learning (EBSL). During EBSL training, the number of escapes made by a snail from a container was significantly suppressed using an external aversive stimulus (punishment). After training, the snails were divided into two groups.

Functional analysis of epilepsy-linked pathogenic variants of the Munc18-1 gene in the inhibitory nervous system of .

Heterozygous de novo mutations in Munc18-1, which is essential for neurotransmitter release, cause early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Munc18-1-linked epilepsy is currently an untreatable disorder and its precise disease mechanism remains elusive. Here, we investigated how Munc18-1 pathogenic variants affect inhibitory neurons using .

Author Correction: Toll-like receptor 9 protects non-immune cells from stress by modulating mitochondrial ATP synthesis through the inhibition of SERCA2.

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Changes in protein phosphorylation by insulin administration in the central nervous system of the gastropod mollusk .

In the gastropod mollusk , insulin-like peptides in the central nervous system (CNS) control behavioral changes associated with associative learning. Insulin administration to the CNS enhances the synaptic plasticity involved in this type of learning, but it has remained unclear which molecules in the insulin response cascade are involved. Here, to advance a comprehensive analysis, we used two-dimensional electrophoresis and comparative quantitative mass spectrometry to perform a protein analysis investigating the CNS molecules that respond to insulin administration.