An Assessment of the Potential Economic Impacts of the Invasive Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in South Africa.

Studies addressing the economic impacts of invasive alien species are biased towards ex-post assessments of the costs and benefits of control options, but ex-ante assessments are also required to deal with potentially damaging invaders. The polyphagous shot hole borer Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a recent and potentially damaging introduction to South Africa. We assessed the potential impact of this beetle by working across economic and biological disciplines and developing a simulation model that included dynamic mutualistic relations between the beetle and its symbiotic fungus.

Investing in natural capital and national security: A comparative review of restoration projects in South Africa.

Does restoration pay? We seek to answer this question by reviewing the benefits and costs of 37 economic values derived from five groups of actual restoration-related case studies in South Africa at various scales. The mean opportunity costs of not restoring are the following (a negative value implies an economic loss to society): i) local level single species studies concerned with clearing invasive alien plants (mean = -$27.24/ha/yr, sd = +/-22.

An investigation to elucidate the factors dictating the crystal structure of seven ammonium carboxyl-ate mol-ecular salts.

The crystal structures of seven ammonium carboxyl-ate salts are reported, namely ()-1-phenyl-ethan-1-aminium isonicotinate, CHN·CHNO, (I), ()-1-phenyl-ethan-1-aminium flurbiprofenate [or 2-(3-fluoro-4-phenyl-phen-yl)propano-ate], CHN·CHFO, (II), ()-1-phenyl-ethan-1-aminium 2-chloro-4-nitro-benzoate, CHN·CHClNO, (III), ()-1-phenyl-ethan-1-aminium 4-iodo-benzoate, CHN·CHIO, (IV), ()-1-cyclo-hexyl-ethan-1-aminium 2-chloro-4-nitro-benzoate, CHN·CHClNO, (V), 2-(cyclo-hex-1-en-1-yl)ethan-1-aminium 4-bromo-benzoate, CHN·CHBrO, (VI), and ()-1-cyclo-hexyl-ethan-1-aminium 4-bromo-benzoate, CHN·CHBrO, (VII). Salts (II) to (VII) feature three N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which form one-dimensional hydrogen-bonded ladders. Salts (II), (III), (IV), (V) and (VII) have a type ladder system despite the presence of halogen bonding and other inter-molecular inter-actions, whereas (VI) has a type ladder system.