Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Background: An imbalance between the production and clearance of amyloid beta (Aß) has emerged as a major cause of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Retinal wholemount studies can identify cell-specific involvement in Aß clearance mechanisms which cannot be accomplished in the brain ex vivo.

Methods: Eye cross-sections of double transgenic (Tg, APP-PS1) and non-carrier sibling female mice (n = 16, 4 per group) at 3- and 9- month ages were probed with antibodies 6E10 (Aβ1-16 amino-acid residues, soluble and insoluble species), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1, microglia/macrophage), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, astrocytes), glutamine synthetase (GS, Müller cells) and aquaporin-4 (AQP4, membrane water channel) using immunofluorescence.

Apolipoprotein E dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: a study on miRNA regulation, glial markers, and amyloid pathology.

Introduction: Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) plays a crucial role in lipid homeostasis, predominantly expressed in astrocytes and to a lesser extent in microglia within the central nervous system (CNS). While the allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), its precise role in AD pathogenesis remains elusive. -knockout (-ko) mice, mice expressing human , and human carriers exhibit similar deficits in lipid metabolism, cognitive and behavioral functions, and neurodegeneration.

Blue light-induced phototoxicity in retinal cells: implications in age-related macular degeneration.

Sunlight exposure is recognized as a risk factor for the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a common neurodegenerative retinal disease in the elderly. Specifically, the blue light wavelengths within sunlight can negatively impact the physiology of light-sensitive retinal cells, including retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors. This review explores blue light-induced retinal degeneration, emphasizing the structural and functional impairments in RPE.

3-Dimensional morphological characterization of neuroretinal microglia in Alzheimer's disease via machine learning.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that affects 47.5 million people worldwide. AD is characterised by the formation of plaques containing extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyper-phosphorylated tau proteins (pTau).