Nightmare distress is related to traumatic childhood experiences, critical life events and emotional appraisal of a dream rather than to its content.

Nightmares are a substantial burden for sleep quality. Previous studies have shown that traumatic experiences can increase the probability of nightmares, and also waking-life distress can enhance this effect. There is evidence that the intensity of negative dream emotions is more responsible for rating a dream as a nightmare than threatening dream contents.

Continuity or compensation? - A hypothesis testing study concerning two types of dreamers' Aggressive Behaviors in Nightmares.

Being the aggressor in dreams has been investigated relatively sparsely. On the one hand, these kinds of nightmares may represent continuity of aggression in waking-life, but on the other hand, being the aggressor in dreams may compensate failing (suppressed) aggression from waking-life. Two subtypes of aggressor nightmares should thus be distinguished: Those in which the dreamer is the primary aggressor and those, in which the dreamer reacts with aggression to a threatening event.

Primary Urothelial Bladder Cancer in a Young Patient: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Despite being a rare condition among young patients, here, we report about a 22-year-old patient with primary urothelial bladder cancer. The patient complained of macroscopic painless hematuria. Transabdominal ultrasound revealed a 2-cm-sized exophytic lesion occupying the left-sided urinary bladder wall.

Nightmare distress revisited: Cognitive appraisal of nightmares according to Lazarus' transactional model of stress.

Aim of the current research was to newly conceptualize nightmare distress. The special focus was on the appraisal of nightmare distress while applying a theory-driven approach based on Lazarus' transactional model of stress. It was argued that individuals feel the more distressed the more they feel threatened and harmed by their nightmares (primary appraisal according to Lazarus) and the more they lack of adequate coping skills to deal with the stressor (secondary appraisal).

Managing Toxicity of Intravesical Therapy.

Intravesical therapies have shown positive effects both on recurrence and progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, more than 50% of patients experience untoward side effects associated with treatment. In order to reduce the rate of patients who discontinue treatment due to side effects, prevention and effective management of treatment-related toxicity is essential.