Clinical pharmacology facing the real-world setting: Pharmacovigilance, pharmacoepidemiology and the economic evaluation of drugs.

Traditionally, clinical pharmacology has focused its activities on drug-organism interaction, from an individual or collective perspective. Drug efficacy assessment by performing randomized clinical trials and analysis of drug use in clinical practice by carrying out drug utilization studies have also been other areas of interest. From now on, Clinical pharmacology should move from the analysis of the drug-individual interaction to the analysis of the drug-individual-society interaction.

The Impact of Patient Support Programs in Europe: A Systematic Literature Review.

Background And Objective: Patient support programs aim to provide solutions beyond the medication itself, by enhancing treatment adherence, improving clinical outcomes, elevating patient experience, and/or increasing quality of life. As patient support programs increasingly play an important role in assisting patients, numerous observational studies and pragmatic trials designed to evaluate their impact on healthcare have been conducted in recent years. This review aims to characterize these studies.

Long-Term Performance of Nanomodified Coated Concrete Structures under Hostile Marine Climate Conditions.

Epoxy resin coatings are commonly used to protect concrete structures due to their excellent chemical corrosion resistance and strong adhesion capacity. However, these coatings are susceptible to damage by surface abrasion and long-term contact with marine climate conditions, deteriorating their appearance and performance. This study aims to optimize the performance of cement-based epoxy resin coatings, bisphenol-A and polyol, in aggressive environments by functionalizing the selected systems with different nanoparticles such as activated carbon, surface modified nanoclay, silica and zinc oxide.

How to assess the value of low-value care.

Background: Many of the strategies designed to reduce "low-value care" have been implemented without a consensus on the definition of the term "value". Most "low value care" lists are based on the comparative effectiveness of the interventions.

Main Text: Defining the value of an intervention based on its effectiveness may generate an inefficient use of resources, as a very effective intervention is not necessarily an efficient intervention, and a low effective intervention is not always an inefficient intervention.