Indirect protection in adults ≥18 years of age from pediatric pneumococcal vaccination: a review.

Introduction: Infant immunization programs using pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have reduced the rates of pneumococcal disease through direct vaccine-induced protection in vaccinated children and through indirect protection in non-vaccinated children and adults.

Areas Covered: This review summarizes current evidence on the indirect protection of adults conferred by pediatric pneumococcal vaccination, including the impact on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) incidence and mortality, pneumonia admissions, and nasopharyngeal carriage prevalence. Factors affecting indirect protection against IPD are also discussed.

Evaluation of risk factors and diseases associated with metabolic and atherosclerotic disorders in different abdominal fat distribution patterns assessed by CT-scan.

Obesity is defined as an increase in body fat composition.

Reproductive health perspectives of young women with perinatally and behaviourally acquired HIV: A qualitative study.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to describe the sexual and reproductive goals of female adolescents with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in an urban cohort and decipher if they vary depending on the mode of HIV acquisition.

Methods: We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with 25 Black and/or Hispanic/Latinx female adolescents living with HIV (14 perinatally, 11 behaviourally acquired) aged 17-25 years who have access to care and antiretroviral therapy at an urban public hospitals (NYC, NY). Interviews were transcribed, coded and analysed using thematic analysis.

Investigation of EEG changes before and after phototherapy in infants with severe hyperbilirubinemia.

Background: Despite the known effect of hyperbilirubinemia in neonates, the effect of phototherapy on electroencephalography (EEG) remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine the alteration of electroencephalography in infants with hyperbilirubinemia before and after phototherapy.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on infants of≥35 weeks of gestation with hyperbilirubinemia.

Empathy score among medical students in Mashhad, Iran: study of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy.

Background: Empathy is one of the essential components of physician-patient relationship that has a significant effect on treatment outcomes.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the empathy score among medical students in Mashhad, Iran.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study in 2015, 624 medical students at Mashhad University of Medical Science (Iran) completed the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE).