Pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 signaling links cognitive impairments and peripheral metabolic alterations in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with memory impairment and altered peripheral metabolism. Mounting evidence indicates that abnormal signaling in a brain-periphery metabolic axis plays a role in AD pathophysiology. The activation of pro-inflammatory pathways in the brain, including the interleukin-6 (IL-6) pathway, comprises a potential point of convergence between memory dysfunction and metabolic alterations in AD that remains to be better explored.

Insulin and leptin as potential cognitive enhancers in metabolic disorders and Alzheimer's disease.

Recent clinical and epidemiological observations point to a correlation between disorders of energy metabolism, such as obesity and diabetes, and cognitive decline and dementia. Many studies indicate that these age-related conditions closely interact with each other, but the underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms for such correlations are largely unknown. Insulin and leptin, hormones classically implicated in diabetes and obesity, are gaining increasing attention for their participation in cognitive processes and memory.

Refining the optimal chemotherapy regimen for good-risk metastatic nonseminomatous germ-cell tumors: a randomized trial of the Genito-Urinary Group of the French Federation of Cancer Centers (GETUG T93BP).

Background: High cure rates are expected in good-risk metastatic nonseminomatous germ-cell tumor (NSGCT) patients with bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin.

Patients And Methods: Patients received either three cycles of BE500P or four cycles of E500P every 3 weeks. Disease was defined according to the Institut Gustave Roussy prognostic model.

Failure of high-dose cyclophosphamide and etoposide combined with double-dose cisplatin and bone marrow support in patients with high-volume metastatic nonseminomatous germ-cell tumours: mature results of a randomised trial.

Objectives: To assess the impact on survival of high-dose chemotherapy with haematopoietic support in patients with high-volume, metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumours.

Methods: One hundred fifteen patients were randomised to receive either four cycles every 21 d of vinblastine (0.2 mg/kg on day 1), etoposide (100 mg/m2/d on days 1 through 5), cisplatin (40 mg/m2/d on days 1 through 5), and bleomycin (30 mg on days 1, 8, and 15) (arm A), or a slightly modified regimen followed by a high-dose chemotherapy including etoposide (350 mg/m2/d on days 1 through 5), cisplatin (40 mg/m2/d on days 1 through 5), and cyclophosphamide (1600 mg/m2/d on days 2 through 5) (arm B).

Financial requirements of immunisation programmes in developing countries: a 2004-2014 perspective.

Vaccines are a key contributor to public health, especially in developing countries. Despite numerous demonstrations of the cost-effectiveness of immunisation, vaccines spending accounted for only 1.7% of the total pharmaceutical market in 2002, when UNICEF estimated that 34 million children were not reached by routine immunisation, most of them in developing countries.