Allergic Conjunctivitis Management: Update on Ophthalmic Solutions.

Purpose Of Review: The aim of this review, is to present an updated revision of topical management of SAC and PAC, based on the available scientific evidence and focused on the impact of ophthalmic solution formulations on eye surface.

Recent Findings: Physicians treating ocular allergy should be aware of tear film and tear film disruption in SAC and PAC, and how eye drop composition and additives affect the physiology of the allergic eye. Seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis (SAC and PAC) are the most frequent causes of ocular allergy (OA), and both conditions are underdiagnosed and undertreated.

Topical Insulin Eye Drops: Stability and Safety of Two Compounded Formulations for Treating Persistent Corneal Epithelial Defects.

Compounded insulin eye drops were prepared at 1 IU/mL from commercially available subcutaneous insulin by dilution in saline solution or artificial tears. Physicochemical characterization and in vitro tolerance testing in human and conjunctival cells were followed by a 28-day short-term stability study under various conditions. The formulations were isotonic (280-300 mOsm/L), had a pH close to neutral (7-8), medium surface-tension values (<56 MN/m), and low (≈1 mPa·s) and medium (≈5 mPa·s) viscosities (compounded normal saline solution and artificial tear-based preparation, respectively).

Dry eye disease pathogenesis and clinical signs: searching for correspondence in the clinical practice.

Background: Ocular surface alterations causing dry eye disease (DED) can be described as a vicious circle consisting of different consecutive stages. Among the factors involved, the ocular surface immune-inflammatory response has been established as a key player in the pathogenesis of the vicious circle of DED. Thus, the prompt recognition of the disruption of the immunoregulatory mechanisms is crucial for properly managing the ocular surface alterations.