The morphology of foot soft tissues is associated with running shoe type in healthy recreational runners.

Objectives: To determine the differences in the morphology of foot soft tissues between runners using different types of running shoes.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Methods: Thirty-eight recreational runners were divided into four groups based on running shoe type, namely, neutral shoes, motion control shoes, minimalistic shoes and neutral shoes with custom-made insoles.

Safety and Efficacy of Atazanavir Powder and Ritonavir in HIV-1-Infected Infants and Children From 3 Months to <11 Years of Age: The PRINCE-2 Study.

Background: Novel antiretroviral formulations that are palatable, safe, and effective are needed for infants and children.

Methods: PRINCE-2 is an ongoing clinical trial assessing safety, efficacy, and palatability of once-daily atazanavir powder formulation boosted with ritonavir (ATV + RTV) plus optimized dual nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors therapy in antiretroviral-naïve/experienced children with screening HIV-1 RNA ≥1000 copies/mL. Children 3 months to <11 years received ATV + RTV by 5 baseline weight bands: 5 to <10 kg = 150/80 mg; 5 to <10 kg = 200/80 mg; 10 to <15 kg = 200/80 mg; 15 to <25 kg = 250/80 mg; and 25 to <35 kg = 300/100 mg.

PRINCE-1: safety and efficacy of atazanavir powder and ritonavir liquid in HIV-1-infected antiretroviral-naïve and -experienced infants and children aged ≥3 months to <6 years.

Introduction: PRINCE-1 is an ongoing prospective, international, multicentre, nonrandomized, two-stage clinical trial assessing safety and efficacy of once-daily atazanavir (ATV) powder boosted with ritonavir (RTV) liquid plus optimized dual nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) background therapy in antiretroviral (ARV)-naïve and -experienced children with HIV-1 infection aged ≥3 months to <6 years.

Methods: Children with HIV-1 infection without prior ATV exposure and with a screening HIV-1 RNA ≥1000 copies/mL were enrolled. The dosing of ATV powder, boosted with 80 mg RTV liquid, was based on three baseline weight bands (5 to <10 kg=150 mg, 10 to <15 kg=200 mg and 15 to <25 kg=250 mg).

Drug-induced effects on cardiovascular function in pentobarbital anesthetized guinea-pigs: invasive LVP measurements versus the QA interval.

Introduction: Evaluation of drug-related effects on cardiovascular function is part of the core battery described in the ICH S7A guideline. Anesthetized guinea-pigs are excellent models for the evaluation of drug-induced prolongation of ventricular repolarization; however less information is available regarding other cardio-hemodynamic parameters in this model. The current study aimed to document cardio-hemodynamic responses in anesthetized guinea-pigs after administration of a number of reference drugs with known pharmacological actions.

Negative electro-mechanical windows are required for drug-induced Torsades de Pointes in the anesthetized guinea pig.

Introduction: Assessment of the propensity of novel drugs to cause proarrhythmia is essential in the drug development process. It is increasingly recognized, however, that QT prolongation alone is an imperfect surrogate marker for Torsades de Pointes (TdP) arrhythmia prediction. In the present study we investigated the behavior of a novel surrogate marker for TdP, the electro-mechanical (E-M) window, prior to triggering of TdP episodes with sympathetic stimulation after administration of a number of reference compounds.