Egg freezing for fertility preservation and family planning: a nationwide survey of US Obstetrics and Gynecology residents.

Background: Little is known about resident attitudes toward elective egg freezing (EF) or how educational exposure to EF affects residents' views and ability to counsel patients. This study aimed to evaluate US OB/GYN residents' views on elective EF, decisions regarding family planning, and whether education on EF affects these views and self-reported comfort discussing EF with patients.

Methods: A 32 question survey was emailed to program directors at all US residency programs for distribution to residents.

Spontaneous mutations in the flhD operon generate motility heterogeneity in Escherichia coli biofilm.

Background: Heterogeneity and niche adaptation in bacterial biofilm involve changes to the genetic makeup of the bacteria and gene expression control. We hypothesized that i) spontaneous mutations in the flhD operon can either increase or decrease motility and that ii) the resulting motility heterogeneity in the biofilm might lead to a long-term increase in biofilm biomass.

Results: We allowed the highly motile E.

Closing the pylorus decreases the size of large meals in the rat.

We previously reported (Davis, J. D.; Smith G.

Reduction of intake in the rat due to gastric filling.

With two exceptions, the literature shows that confining ingested fluid to the stomach of a rat during an intake test had no effect on the volume ingested. In the two exceptions (J. D.

Confining ingested fluid to the stomach increases water and decreases saline intake in the rat [corrected].

Rats ingest more pure water in a 30-min test following 17 h of water deprivation when the ingested water is confined to the stomach by a pyloric cuff than when it is allowed to enter the duodenum (6). To test the hypothesis that the reduced intake of water under normal drinking conditions is due to postgastric cellular hydration, we allowed rats to ingest pure water or 0.15 M NaCl with the pylorus open and with it closed.