Galectin-9 and Tim-3 are upregulated in response to microglial activation induced by the peptide Amyloid-β (25-35).

Galectins are a group of β-galactoside-binding lectins associated with regulating immunological response. In the brains of AD patients and 5xFAD (familial AD) mice, galectin-3 (Gal-3) was highly upregulated and found to be expressed in microglia associated with Aβ plaques. However, the participation of other galectins, specifically galectin-9 (Gal-9) and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) receptors, are unknown in the inflammatory response.

Citroflavonoids as Promising Agents for Drug Discovery in Diabetes and Hypertension: A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies.

Flavonoids are naturally occurring compounds widely distributed in the genus. These natural compounds have many health benefits, mainly for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. In fact, some these compounds are components of drug products with approved indications for peripheral vascular insufficiency and hemorrhoids.

Neuroinflammation and galectins: a key relationship in neurodegenerative diseases.

Neurodegeneration is a pathological condition that is associated with the loss of neuronal function and structure. In neurodegenerative diseases, mounting evidence indicates that neuroinflammation is a common factor that contributes to neuronal damage and neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation is characterized by the activation of microglia, the neuroimmune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), which have been implicated as active contributors to neuronal damage.

New Insights into the Mechanism of Action of PirAB from Vibrio Parahaemolyticus.

PirAB toxins secreted by () harbor the pVA1 virulence plasmid, which causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), an emerging disease in Penaeid shrimp that can cause 70-100% mortality and that has resulted in great economic losses since its first appearance. The cytotoxic effect of PirAB on the epithelial cells of the shrimp hepatopancreas (Hp) has been extensively documented. New insights into the biological role of the PirB subunit show that it has lectin-like activity and recognizes mucin-like O-glycosidic structures in the shrimp Hp.

A Pharmacokinetic Study of Mix-160 by LC-MS/MS: Oral Bioavailability of a Dosage Form of Citroflavonoids Mixture.

This study was performed to evaluate and compare the pharmacokinetic parameters between two dosage formulations of hesperidin and naringenin: mixture and tablet. Our objective was to determine that the flavonoid tablet does not significantly modify the pharmacokinetic parameters compared with the mixture. For this study, we administered 161 mg/kg of either mixture (Mix-160) or tablet composed of hesperidin and by intragastric administration.