Epigenetic modifications and metabolic gene mutations drive resistance evolution in response to stimulatory antibiotics.

The antibiotic resistance crisis, fueled by misuse and bacterial evolution, is a major global health threat. Traditional perspectives tie resistance to drug target mechanisms, viewing antibiotics as mere growth inhibitors. New insights revealed that low-dose antibiotics may also serve as signals, unexpectedly promoting bacterial growth.

Survival strategies of cancer cells: the role of macropinocytosis in nutrient acquisition, metabolic reprogramming, and therapeutic targeting.

Macropinocytosis is a nonselective form of endocytosis that allows cancer cells to largely take up the extracellular fluid and its contents, including nutrients, growth factors, etc. We first elaborate meticulously on the process of macropinocytosis. Only by thoroughly understanding this entire process can we devise targeted strategies against it.

Attraction of microbubble at a fiber end face by the solute Marangoni force and its application as a tunable interferometer based on optical control.

In this Letter, we show the attraction of a microbubble at a fiber end face by the solute Marangoni force. The microbubble is formed by partial filling of an ethanol-water mixture in the microcavity that is spliced to the end face of a single-mode fiber. Due to different surface tension of ethanol and water, the uneven temperature gradient induced by a laser causes the non-uniform distribution of ethanol-water molecules on the bubble surface.