Shifting definitions and differences in the conceptualization of bipolar disorders have contributed to long diagnostic delays, poor reliability, and inconsistent findings. Rating scales are independent of clinical judgment and offer a reliable way to assess manic symptoms, making them good tools to improve both clinical and research diagnoses of bipolar disorder. However, there are dozens of candidates, with few obvious distinguishing characteristics, making it difficult to select one.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To test whether rates of bipolar disorder (BD) have changed over time or vary across geographic regions after adjusting for design features meta-analyzing epidemiologic studies reporting BD prevalence in adults worldwide.
Data Sources: Searches in PubMed and PsycINFO using the terms (epidemiology OR community OR prevalence) AND (mania OR "bipolar disorder" OR cyclothymi*) AND adult and backward searches from published reviews were conducted.
Study Selection: Eighty-five epidemiologic studies published in English from 1980 onward that reported prevalence rates for BD or mania for subjects ≥ 18 years old were included.
Objective: We designed a prospective study to determine the frequency of retroperitoneal air after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with sphincterotomy. We sought to elucidate the relationship of retroperitoneal air with endoscopic maneuvers, clinical findings, the length of sphincterotomy, and the time spent during the procedure. We also endeavored to determine the importance of retroperitoneal air and its most appropriate clinical management.
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