A conceptual framework for landscape-based environmental risk assessment (ERA) of pesticides.

While pesticide use is subject to strict regulatory oversight worldwide, it remains a main concern for environmental protection, including biodiversity conservation. This is partly due to the current regulatory approach that relies on separate assessments for each single pesticide, crop use, and non-target organism group at local scales. Such assessments tend to overlook the combined effects of overall pesticide usage at larger spatial scales.

Retrospective Detection of from Snake Moults Collected in Bieszczady Mountains, Poland.

, the causative agent of ophidiomycosis, poses a potential threat to wild snakes worldwide. This study aimed to retrospectively investigate the prevalence of in archived snake moults collected from the San River Valley in the Bieszczady Mountains, Poland, from 2010 to 2012. Using qPCR for detection and conventional PCR for clade characterisation, we analysed 58 moults and one road-killed specimen of and .

Application of partition coefficient methods to predict tissue:plasma affinities in common farm animals: Influence of ionisation state.

Tissue affinities are conventionally determined from in vivo steady-state tissue and plasma or plasma-water chemical concentration data. In silico approaches were initially developed for preclinical species but standardly applied and tested in human physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) models. Recently, generic PBK models for farm animals have been made available and require partition coefficients as input parameters.

A Guide to the Clinical Management of Snakebite in Italy.

The genus encompasses most species of medically significant venomous snakes of Europe, with Italy harbouring four of them. Envenomation by European vipers can result in severe consequences, but underreporting and the absence of standardised clinical protocols hinder effective snakebite management. This study provides an updated, detailed set of guidelines for the management and treatment of snakebite tailored for Italian clinicians.