Impact of 3D vision on mental workload and laparoscopic performance in inexperienced subjects.

Objective: To assess the effect of vision in three dimensions (3D) versus two dimensions (2D) on mental workload and laparoscopic performance during simulation-based training.

Materials And Methods: A prospective, randomized crossover study on inexperienced students in operative laparoscopy was conducted. Forty-six candidates executed five standardized exercises on a pelvitrainer with both vision systems (3D and 2D).

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for distal ureteral calculi: improved efficacy using low frequency.

Objectives: To compare low versus high frequency for lithotripsy in the management of distal ureteral calculi.

Methods: A total of 154 patients with radio-opaque calculi (0.5-1 cm diameter) in the distal ureter were randomized to be given either lithotripsy at 80 or 60 pulses per min (high frequency or low frequency groups, respectively).

[New epidemiologic patterns and risk factors in renal cancer].

Incidence of renal carcinoma, one of the most fatal solid neoplasms, has steadily increased in Western society. Moreover, these tumors are being increasingly detected in their early stages. As with most cancers, the underlying causes of the disease remain unknown.

[Review of cut-off points between stages T1 and T2 in the 1997 TNM classification of renal carcinoma].

Objective: We retrospectively review the patients treated at our institution for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We compare the patients classified in TNM state T1N0M0 in the 1997 revision with the 1992 one in order to determine survival differences. We divide patients in three size related groups and compare its survival rates.

[Association of renal carcinoma and the exposure to ionizing radiation after the Chernobyl accident].

After the nuclear accident of Chernobyl, in the population of zones contaminated the malignant renal tumors was increased from 4.7 to 7.5 per 100,000 of total population.