Transition from sitting to standing after trans-femoral amputation.

Standing up is an important and common daily activity. It is essential for independence and a prerequisite for walking. Many elderly and many subjects with impairments have problems with transition from sitting to standing.

Synthesis of standing-up trajectories using dynamic optimization.

Dynamic optimization as a tool to compute standing-up trajectories was investigated. Sit-to-stand manoeuvres in five intact persons and five trans-femoral amputees were measured. Movements and ground reaction forces acting on the body were recorded.

Paraplegics standing up using multichannel FES and arm support.

The suitability of multichannel functional electrical stimulation (FES) during the standing-up manoeuvre for therapeutic home use was investigated. Two spinal cord-injured subjects (SCI) participated in the study. Ankle plantar flexors, knee extensors and hip extensors were stimulated.