CSF1R inhibition depletes brain macrophages and reduces brain virus burden in SIV-infected macaques.

Perivascular macrophages (PVMs) and, to a lesser degree, microglia are targets and reservoirs of HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in the brain. Previously, we demonstrated that colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) in PVMs was upregulated and activated in chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques with encephalitis, correlating with SIV infection of PVMs. Herein, we investigated the role of CSF1R in the brain during acute SIV infection using BLZ945, a brain-penetrant CSF1R kinase inhibitor.

Educational Case: Renal allograft rejection.

Chronic rejection, the slowest presenting form of transplant rejection, typically manifests in the timespan of months to years. The pathogenesis of chronic rejection involves either cell- or humoral-mediated processes that involve memory cells, plasma cells, and antibody production against donor antigens. The findings of chronic rejection are nonspecific and include interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy with associated interstitial inflammation, vascular changes characterized by thickened intima containing macrophages and lymphocytes, and transplant glomerulopathy with mesangial matrix expansion and double contour of capillary walls.

COVID-19 Associated Collapsing FSGS in an APOL1 Homozygous Transplant Recipient After Successful COVID Vaccination: A Case Report.

Organ transplant recipients exhibit lower rates of immune response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination. Even when they do mount a demonstrable antibody response, it is unclear what degree of protection is conferred against the myriad potential complications of COVID-19 infection. We present here a case of a kidney transplant recipient who was homozygous for APOL1 risk alleles on low-dose immunosuppression who developed an antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination and subsequently acquired COVID-19 infection.

Diagnostic role of technitium-99m bone scan in severe COVID-19-associated myositis.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), initially appreciated as a respiratory illness, is now known to affect many organs in the human body. Significant data has become available on muscle involvement, with creatinine kinase elevations present in a significant percentage of patients. For those with suspected COVID-19-associated myositis, the imaging modality of choice has been gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging; however, the use of technitium-99 m bone scan has not been previously reported.