Astronaut Candidate, Candidate-Like, and Undergraduate Subjects Compared on Retention and Transfer.

The present study examined long-term retention and transfer of knowledge and skills, as well as the effect of cognitive load on retention and transfer, using a sample of astronaut candidates and two comparison groups. The first comparison group, recruited from Johnson Space Center, was similar in age, education, and general health to the astronaut candidate group; the second comparison group included university undergraduate students.This study employed two different tasks-a simple perceptual-motor task involving data entry and a complex memory updating task requiring both prospective and retrospective memory.

Virtues in Competency-Based Assessment Frameworks: A Text Analysis.

Introduction: Official documentation of specialty training provides comprehensive and elaborate criteria to assess residents. These criteria are commonly described in terms of competency roles and entrustable professional activities (EPA's), but they may also encompass virtues. Virtues are desirable personal qualities that enable a person, in this case, a medical specialist, to make and act on the right decisions.